經典北京導遊詞 篇1
各位嘉賓：
不知道您讀沒讀過<<論語>>，那上面開篇有一句話叫“有朋自遠方來，不亦樂乎”。那么我就以孔子的這句名言佳句，熱烈地歡迎您來孔子的故鄉曲阜參觀遊覽。下面，就由我陪同各位遊覽並進行導遊服務，非常感謝您的合作，並衷心地希望您對我的工作多提出批評意見。在來曲阜之前,許多朋友可能已對曲阜和孔子有了不少的了解,但也有的朋友知道的並不十分詳細,現在,我就在進入景點之前,先把曲阜和孔子的情況簡要介紹一下。曲阜位於中國山東省西南部，現有人中62萬其中城區人口10萬，面積約890平方公里。
“曲阜”二字始見於<<爾雅>>一書，東漢應邵解釋說：魯城中有阜，委曲長七八里，故名“曲阜”。宋真宗大中祥符5年，也就是公元1020_年，為了紀念中華民族的始祖軒轅黃帝出生在曲阜，曾一度改名“仙源”縣，金太宗天會7年(公元1120_年)，又復名曲阜，沿用至今。曲阜是一個小城，然而，曲阜又是一座有著五千年文明史的文化古城，在這片神聖而又古老的土地上，中國遠古傳說中的三皇五帝，竟有四人在這裡留下了蹤跡。
據<<史記>>、<<帝王世紀>>等史書記載：“黃帝生於壽丘”，“少昊自窮桑登帝位，稱都曲阜，崩葬雲陽山”，現在曲阜城東8里，仍留下座金字塔式的墳墓--少昊陵。中國有句俗話說道“人往高處走，水往低處流”，我們是不是可以理解為我們中華民族的祖先從這裡，從黃河中下游向中原，向黃土高原遷徙的過程，而我們的母親之河，黃河、長江，從黃土高原之上奔騰而下，一瀉千里，最後匯入大海呢!中國還有句古話叫“江南出才子，江北出聖人”，實際上，江北的聖人幾乎全出自曲阜。在中國封建時代，受到皇帝賜封的聖人一共有6位，他們分別為至聖孔子、亞聖孟子、復聖顏子、述聖子思、宗聖曾子、元聖周公，頭4位都出生在曲阜，後兩位一位是孔子的弟子，一位是封地在曲阜，周公的後世33代曾在魯國為國君，至今山東稱魯，即起於此。現在曲阜地上地下文物眾多，文化燦爛，有國家級文物古蹟4處，省級11處，市級100餘處。1982年曲阜被國務院公布為全國首批24個歷史文化名城之一，1994年曲阜“三孔”被聯合國正式列為世界文化遺產。由於曲阜對東方文化的重要貢獻，不少人稱曲阜為世界三大聖城之一：“東方的麥加”。
在這裡，您不得不沉思，也不能不感奮，因為這裡深扎著中華民族的根，深扎著中國傳統文化的根。各位朋友，在中國，在東方這片有著五千年文明歷史的土地上，你也許讀不懂青銅器上的銘文，也許不理解人頭獸身表現什麼，象徵什麼。但是，當你走進中國人民的生活，行走在中華民族繁衍生息、勞動創造的古老土地上，你就能感受到、接觸到中國人民在日常生活中流露出來的儒家文化的氣息，你便能由此體驗到中國人民與其他民族迥然不同的生活方式、風土人情和理想道德的差異。無論你從哪個角度，哪個層次去探究中華民族的個性與品格，都不難發現儒家文化的基因，在漫長的歷史演進過程中，儒家文化幾乎成了中國傳統文化的代名詞。
而儒家文化的創始人，就是孔子。孔子，春秋時代魯國人，也就是曲阜人，名丘，字仲尼，生於公元前551年，死於公元前479年，享年73歲。孔子3歲時，父親叔梁紇去世，16歲時，母親顏征在去世，少年孔子成了孤兒，開始了他在等級森嚴的封建社會中獨自謀生、學習和奮鬥的一生。孔子少年發奮自學，勤而好問，青年時代便掌握了參與貴族政治必須熟悉的禮、樂、射、御、書、數六藝，進而掌握了<<詩>>、<<書>>、<<禮>>、<<樂>>、<<易>>、<<春秋>>六經的內容，為創立儒家文化奠定了基礎。孔子30歲設學授徒，開始了漫長的教育生涯，他首開中國私人講學、面向民眾，提倡“有教無類”之風，成為中國第一位，也是世界上第一位偉大的教育家。孔子51歲時，才做了中都縣令，後來曾在魯攝相事，然而時間不長，他便辭了官，離開魯國開始了他長達20_年的周遊列國之行。
孔子在68歲時回到魯國，他把幾乎全部精力放在了教學和文獻整理上，一直到死。孔子的一生是顛沛流離，飽經憂患的一生，是艱苦卓絕、激勵奮發的一生，是春風化雨，培育英才的一生，是著書立說，濟時救世的一生。如今，他的軀體雖已灰飛煙滅，但他的思想，卻潛入每個東方人的心靈，他熔鑄了中華民族的個性和品格，隨著歷史的發展和社會的進步，孔子還將引導著人類，跨向21世紀。曲阜的文物古蹟和旅遊景點很多，大部分與孔子和孔子文化有關。現在我們所在的位置是曲阜明故城的正南門外，城門的北面是被稱為中國三大古建築群之一的孔廟。城門的正上方有“萬仞宮牆”4個大字。“仞”是古代的長度單位，一仞約等於8尺。據說，有人稱讚孔子的弟子子貢很有學問，子貢聽說以後，就說：“人的學問好比宮牆，我的學問只有牆頭這么高，人們一看便會看見牆內的一切，而我的老師孔子的這道牆有數仞，不找到它的門是不能看到牆內宗廟之美麗、房舍的多種多樣”。後人為表達對孔子的敬仰，明代胡纘宗就寫了“萬仞宮牆”4個字鑲在城門上，清代乾隆皇帝為了顯示自己對孔子的崇拜，又把胡碑取下，換上了自己寫的“萬仞宮牆”4個大字。這就是“萬仞宮牆”的來歷。
孔廟第一道門叫“欞星門”。“欞星”又名天田星，古人祭天，先要祭欞星。“欞星門”三個字為乾隆所書。“太和元氣”坊同“金聲玉振”坊差不多，題字為明代山東巡撫曾銑手書，讚頌孔子思想如同天地生育萬物。此院東西各有一座腰門，東邊上書“德侔天地一樣大，他的學說古今來說都是最好的”。這座門叫“聖時門”，由此住里，有博大精深、深不可測之感。“聖時”二字，取<<孟子.萬章下>>，“孔子，聖之時者也”句，意思是說，在聖人之中，孔子是最適合時代者。過聖時門迎面小石橋，叫“璧水橋”，橋兩側偏南各有一座門，東門叫“快睹門”，是先睹為快的意思，西門叫“仰高門”讚頌孔子的學問十分高深。我們進入的大門，稱“弘道門”，這三個字取自<<論語.衛星公>>“人能弘道”的句子，以此來讚頌孔子闡發了堯舜湯和文武周公之“道”。這道門也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)時孔廟的大門。
再往後是“大中門”，大中門是宋朝時期孔廟的大門，原名叫“宮和門”，字的意思與孔子中庸之道的主張有關，由此門向南望去，一方面可以看到孔廟的歷史沿革，一方面也可以看到孔廟的不斷擴大，這些建築既有清代建築，也有明代建築，還有宋代建築，它們建的時代不同，工匠不同，但都互相配合，相得益彰，構成一體。看孔廟建築，同時可以看到一部分中國封建社會的發展史。這塊碑立於明成化四年(1468年)，因此也叫“成化碑”，它為明憲宗朱見深所立，碑高6米，寬2米多。這塊碑的特點是書法精湛，著稱於世，並且碑文用論辯形式寫成，在極力推崇孔子方面，可以說是之最。大家請看右上角，那上面寫道：“聯惟孔子之道，有天下者一日不可無焉”，又說：“孔子之道在天下，如布帛粟菽，民生日用不可暫缺”。這碑下面的動物不是烏龜，叫贔屭，是龍的兒子，特別能負重，所以用來馱碑，有句話講“龍生九子不成龍”，在孔廟內，龍和龍的9個兒子，你都可以看到，當地的老百姓常來這裡撫摸這贔屭，他們說：“摸摸贔屭的頭，一輩子不犯愁，摸摸贔屭的腚，一輩子不生病”。我們面前的這座木結構建築名叫“奎文閣”，原是孔廟的藏書樓。“奎星”為二十八星宿之一，有星十六顆，“屈曲相鉤，似文字之畫”，後來人們把它演化為文官之首，封建帝王把孔子比作天上的奎星，所以孔子又稱“歷代文官主”。
這座樓閣高23.35米，闊30.1米，深17.62米，三重飛檐，四層斗拱，構造堅固而且合理，康熙年間曲阜曾有過一次大地震，“人間房屋傾者九，存者一”，而奎文閣卻傲然屹立，安然無恙，由此可見我國古代勞動人民的聰明智慧和高超的建築藝術。我們現在進入孔廟的第六進院落，展現在大家面前的是13座碑亭，南邊8座，北邊5座。亭內保存著唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢，碑文多為皇帝對孔子的追謚加封、拜廟親祭、整修廟宇的紀錄，用漢文、八思巴文、滿文等刻成。此排中間的這座碑，重約65噸，采自北京的西山，在當時，將如此重量的石碑從千里之外，跋山涉水，運至曲阜，不能不說是一個奇蹟。
此院東、西各有一門，是孔廟第三道腰門，為“東華門、西華門”。我們現在進入大成門，“大成門”是指今天下之大成，這一排共有5門並列，最西邊為啟聖門，是供奉孔子父母的地方，中路大成門，又有“金聲門、玉振門”相佐，中路為孔廟最中心的地方，東為承聖門，原為孔子故居。大家知道，孔子是偉大的思想家，教育家、政治家，我們認為，孔子首先是個教育家，他是中國第一位老師，封建皇帝封他為“至聖先師”“萬世師表”，應當說，他是全人類的老師，是名符其實的“人類靈魂工程師”。
我們面前的“杏壇”，相傳是當年孔子設壇講學的地方，金代建亭作以紀念，著名文人党懷英書“杏壇”二字。壇側有棵杏樹，為後人所栽，每當初春時節，紅花綻開，綠葉搖曳。所以乾隆皇帝來朝拜時，曾賦詩讚之，詩曰：重來又值秈開時，幾樹東風簇絳枝，豈是人間凡卉比，文明終古共春熙。矗立在我們面前的大殿就是名揚天下的“大成殿”，它是中國的“三大殿”之一，與北京故宮的“太和殿”，泰山岱廟的“天貺殿”齊名，其雄偉壯麗有過之而無不及。殿高24.8米，闊45.78米，深24.8米，雕樑畫棟，金壁輝煌，特別是周圍28根石柱，為世界文化瑰寶，均以整石雕刻而成，前面10根為深浮雕，每柱二龍戲珠，盤繞升騰，栩栩如生，刀法剛勁有力，各具變化。
過去皇帝來了，都是將此柱用黃布圍裹。他們若看見恐怕也會自慚不如。兩側及後廊的龍柱為淺浮雕，每柱72條龍，總共1296條。大成殿內供奉著孔子塑像，兩側為四配，東西是復聖顏回、述聖孔及，西面是宗聖曾參和亞聖孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日，我們都在這裡舉行盛大的國際孔子文化節和孔子誕辰紀念儀式，表演大型祭孔樂舞和“簫韶樂舞”，舉行豐富多彩的文化、旅遊活動，歡迎各位到時光臨。大成殿兩側的綠瓦長廊叫兩半島，共有80間房屋，是後世供奉先賢先儒的地方，在唐朝受供奉的只有20餘人，到了民國多達156人，這些配享原為畫像，金時改為塑像，明代改為木製牌位，_期間被拆掉。現在兩廊中主要存放漢畫像石刻和著名古碑。
最珍貴的是漢魏六朝石刻22塊，如“五鳳”“禮器”“乙瑛”“孔廟”“史晨”“張猛龍”碑等，都為國家級石碑，被視為書法藝術的極品，價值連城的瑰寶。最北面的兩廡中，珍藏著584塊石碑，叫“玉虹樓”法貼，是孔子68代孫孔繼涑收集了歷代著名書法家的手跡慕刻而成，具有極高的藝術價值。寢殿是供奉孔子夫人亓官氏的專祠。聖跡殿是明萬曆年間，根據司馬遷<<史記.孔子世家>>編繪刻石的連環畫，共有120幅。這是我國第一部有完整人物故事的連環畫。我們現在的位置是孔廟東路，這裡當年為孔子故宅，這口水井為“孔子故宅井”，是當年孔子飲水之井，後人稱為“聖水”。亭內的碑有乾隆“飲水拜師”和“故宅井贊”，乾隆8次來曲阜，竟有他5次題字。
後面這座紅色牆壁叫“魯壁”，在秦始皇焚書坑儒時，孔子9世孫孔鮒把<<論語>>等經典藏在此壁內，牆壁倒塌後被人發現，孔子經典方才留傳於世。這座殿堂叫“詩禮堂”，是當年孔子教兒子學詩學禮的地方，堂前有兩棵宋代銀杏樹，當初孔府曾用這棵樹的果實做菜，名叫“詩禮銀杏”大家在品嘗孔府菜時，千萬不要忘了點這道菜，因為此菜的出處就在這個地方。孔廟是一個巨大的文化博物館，我們匆匆看一次，只可窺見一斑。不能觀其全貌，尤其是不能會其神韻，那就留待各位以後再來時細細品味吧。下面我們參觀孔府。孔府即“衍聖公府”，也是世界文化遺產之一，全國重點文物保護單位。孔府大門與孔廟僅一牆之隔。孔府共占地240畝，有廳、堂、樓、房463間，在路布局，九進院落，東路為“東學”，西路為“西學”供遊人遊覽的主要是中路。
經典北京導遊詞 篇2
在阜成門外,東臨釣魚台，西到三環路,東西長約1.7公里，占地面積 137公頃，其中一半為水面,湖水蕩漾。綠樹成蔭。為北京近郊較大公園之一。《明一統志》載：“玉淵潭在府西，元時郡人丁氏故池，柳堤環抱，景氣蕭爽，沙禽水鳥多翔集其間，為游賞佳麗之所。”由於這裡地勢低洼，西山一帶山水匯積於此。清乾隆三十八年(1773年)浚治成湖，以受香山新開引河上水。又在下口建閘，俾資蓄泄湖水，合引河水由三里河達阜成門之護城河。東部建有行宮。後湖淤塞，雜草叢生。解放後，配合永定河引水工程，在舊湖南邊挖了一個約10公頃的新湖，狀如葫蘆，名八一湖。下游建有實驗水電站一座。新舊二湖東西兩端相聯，既可引水，又能蓄水.1960年密雲水庫修建後，引水工程南端，由昆明湖到玉淵潭的引水渠，在羅道莊與永定河引水渠相匯，同經玉淵潭流入護城河。近年來大力建設公園，修了環湖路，在園內還建了遊廊點景建築，逐步豐富園容。玉淵潭不僅是景色宜人，環境清幽，樹木茂密，為西郊盛暑納涼、游泳、划船的場所;而且在北京水利工程上起著引水、調洪的作用。
經典北京導遊詞 篇3
Tian’anmen( the Gate of Heavenly Peace), is located in the center ofBeijing. It was first built in 1417 and named Chengtianmen( the Gate of HeavenlySuccession). At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was seriously damaged by war.When it was rebuilt under the Qing in 1651, it was renamed Tian’anmen, andserved as the main entrance to the Imperial City, the administrative andresidential quarters for court officials and retainers. The southern sections ofthe Imperial City wall still stand on both sides of the Gate. The tower at thetop of the gate is nine-room wide and five –room deep. According to the Book ofChanges, the two numbers nine and five, when combined, symbolize the supremestatus of a sovereign.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Tian’anmen was the place where stateceremonies took place. The most important one of them was the issuing ofimperial edicts, which followed these steps:
1) The Minister of Rites would receive the edict in Taihedian( Hall ofSupreme Harmony), where the Emperor was holding his court. The minister wouldthen carry the decree on a yunpan( tray of cloud), and withdraw from the hallvia Taihemen( Gate of supreme Harmony)
2) The Minister would put the tray in a miniature longting( dragonpavilion). Beneath a yellow umbrella and carry it via Wumen( Meridian Gate), toTian’anmen Gate tower.
3) A courtier would be invested to proclaim the edict. The civil andmilitary officials lining both sides of the gateway beneath the tower wouldprostrate themselves in the direction of the emperor in waiting for the decreeto the proclaimed.
4) The courtier would then put the edict in a phoenix-shaped wooden box andlower it from the tower by means of a silk cord. The document would finally becarried in a similar tray of cloud under a yellow umbrella to the Ministry ofRites.
5) The edict, copied on yellow paper, would be made known to the wholecountry.
Such a process was historically recorded as “ Imperial Edict Issued byGolden Phoenix”.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties Tian’anmen was the most importantpassage. It was this gate that the Emperor and his retinue would go through ontheir way to the altars for ritual and religious activities.
On the Westside of Tian’anmen stands ZhongshanPark( Dr. Sun Yat-sen’sPark), and on the east side, the Working People’s Cultural Palave. The Park wasformerly called Shejitan( Altar of Land and Grain), built in 1420 for offeringsacrificial items to the God of Land. It was opened to the public as a park in1914 and its name was changed in 1928 to the present one in memory of the greatpioneer of the Chinese Democratic Revolution.
The Working People’s Cultural Palace used to be Taimiao( the SupremeAncestral Temple), where tablets of the deceased dynastic rulers were kept.
The stream in front of Tian’anmen is called Waijinshuihe( Outer GoldenRiver),with seven marble bridges spanning over it . Of these sevenbridges,historical records say the middle one was for the exclusive use of theemperor and was accordingly called Yuluqiao( Imperial Bridge). The bridgesflanking it on either side were meant for the members of the royal family andwere therefore called Wanggongqiao( Royal’s Bridges). Farther away on each sideof the two were bridges for officials ranking above the third order and werenamed Pinjiqiao( ministerial Bridges). The remaining two bridges were for theuse by the retinue below the third order and wre called Gongshengqiao( commonBridges). They anr the one in front of the Supreme Ancestral Temple to the eastand the one in front of the Altar of land and Grain to the west.
The two stone lions by the Gate of Tian’anmen, one on each side were meantas sentries. They gaze toward the middle axis, guarding the emperor’s walkway.In front of the gate stands a pair of marble columns called Huabiao. They areelaborately cut in bas-relief following the pattern of a legendary dragon.Behind the gate stands another pair of similar columns. The story of Huabiao maybe traced to a couple of sources. One of the versions accredits its invention toone of the Chinese sage kings named Yao, who was said to have set up a woodenpillar in order to allow the ordinary people to expose evil-doers, hence it wasoriginally called a slander pillar. Later it ws reduced to a signpost, and nowit serves as an ornament.
The beast sitting on the top of the column is called” hou”, a legendaryanimal, which is said to have been a watcher of an emperor’s behaviour. He wasdoing such duties as warning the emperor against staying too long outside thepalace or indulging in pleasure and urging him to go to the people for theircomplaints or return in due time. Therefore, the two pairs of beasts were giventhe names” Wangjunhui”( Expecting the emperor’s coming back) and “ wangjunchu”(Expecting the emperor’s going out) respectinvely.
In the old days, Tian’anmen, as a part of the Imperial City, was meant forimportant occasions. The two rows of chaofang( antechamber), on the sides behindthe main gate, wre reserved for civil and military members of the governmentwaiting for imperial audience and in front of the gate, were offices of imperialadministration.
On October 1, 1949, chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed on Tian’anmen Rostrumthe founding of the People’s Republic of China. Since then Tian’anmen has beenthe symbol of New Chine\a. Chairman Mao’s portrait is hung above the centralentrance, flanked by two slogans:” Long Live the Great Unity of the Peoples ofthe World”. Today , the splendour of Tian’anmen attracts million of visitorsfrom all over the world. The Rostrum on its top was opened in 1988 to the publicfor the first time in its history. It offers a panoramic view of the Square andthe city proper.
Tian’anmen Square
Situated due south of Tian’anmen, the Square has an area of 44 hectares(109 acres) that can accommodate as many as one million people for publicgatherings. It has witnessed may historical events in China’s modern history andis a place for celebrations on such festive days as international Labour Day onMay 1st and national Day on October 1st.
Around the Square are several famous buildings:
1 The Great Hall of the People
This is one of the largest congressional buildings in the world. Built in1959, the hall consists of three parts: a 10,000-seat auditorium in the center,a banquet hall in the north wing facing Chang’an Street, with a seating capacityof 5,000, and offices for the Standing Committee of the National Peoples’Congress of China in the south. In addition, thirty-four reception chambers arenamed after various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directlyunde the Central Government, plus Hong Kong and Macao. Each is different fromthe other in decoration and furnishings to stress their local features.
2 The Museum of Chinese History and the Museum of the ChineseRevolution
These two museums were also built in 1959. the museum of Chinese Historyhouses a permanent exhibition in four parts, covering the entire process ofChinese history spanning from 1.7 million years ago to 1919:
1) The Primitive Society( 1.7 million years ago to the 21st centuryBC);
2) The Slave Society(21st century BC to 476 BC.);
3) The Feudal Society(475 BC. To 1840 AD.);
4) The Semi-Colonial and Semi- Fedual Society(1840 to 1919.)
The Museum of the Chinese Revolution covers the period from 1919 to1949.
3 The Monument to the People’s Heroes
the monument was built in memory of thousands of martyrs who died for therevolutionary cause of the Chinese people. Its construction began on August 1,1952 and was not completed until 1958. in the form of an obelisk, the Monumentas made of more than 17,000 pieces of tranite and white marble. The purple pieceinlaid in the front of the Monument was brought from Qingdao, Shandong Province.It is 38 meters(124ft 8 in) high, the loftiest of its kind ever seen in thecountry. Not only is it an historic memorial for immortal heroes, but also it isan artistic work of excellent architectural value.
On the front side of the Monument is an engraved inscription in Chinesecharacters written by Chairman Mao Zedong, which reads” Eternal Glory to thePeople’s Heroes!”. On the back of the Monument is an article written by ChairmanMao, but in Chinese calligraphy by the late Premier Zhou Enlai.
At the top of the Monument are eight gigantic carved wreathes of suchflowers as peony, lotus and chrysanthemum, symbolizing nobility, purity, andfortitude. At the base of the monument are eight marble reliefs depicting theChinese historic events since 1840. They are:
1) The Burning of Opium in 1840:
2) The uprising of 1851 in Jintian, Guangxi;
3) The Revolution of 1911;
4) The May Fourth Movement of 1919;
5) The May 30th Movement of 1925;
6) The Uprising of 1927 in Nanchang, Jiangxi;
7) The War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression from 1937 to 1945;
8) The Victorious Crossing over the Yangtze River by the Peoples’sLiberation Army in 1949. This relief is flanked by two smaller ones—“ Supplyingthe Front” and “ Greeting the P.L.A.”.
4 Chairman Mao’s Mausoleum
Chairman Mao Zedong, the founder of the People’s Pepublic of China, passedaway on Sepember 9, 1976. In commemoration of this great man, a mausoleum beganto be constructed in November 1976, and was completes in August the followingyear. The Mausoleum was officially opened on September 9, 1977.