bernard bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the united states by applying new social research findings on the experiences of european migrants. in his reinterpretation， migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial north america. his approach rests on four separate propositions.
the first of these asserts that residents of early modern england moved regularly about their countryside； migrating to the new world was simply a “natural spillover.” although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the english——they would rather have stayed home-by the eighteenth century people increasingly mi-grated to america because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. secondly， bailyn holds that， contrary to the notion that used to flourish in america history textbooks， there was never a typical new world community. for example， the economic and demographic character of early new england towns varied considerably.
bailyn's third proposition suggests two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants： one group came as indentured servants， another came to acquire land. surprisingly， bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. these colonial entrepreneurs helped deter-mine the social character of people who came to preindustrial north america. at first， thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited； by the 1730's，however， american employers demanded skilled artisans.
finally， bailyn argues that the colonies were a half civilized hinterland of the european culture system. he is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an anglo-american empire. but to divide the empire into english core and colonial periphery， as bailyn does， devalues the achievements of colonial culture. it is true， as bailyn claims， that high culture in the colonies never matched that in england. but what of seventeenth-century new england， where the settlers created effective laws， built a distinguished university， and published books？ bailyn might respond that new england was exceptional. however， the ideas and institutions developed by new england puritans had powerful effects on north american culture.
although bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution， he fails to link their experience with the political development of the united states. evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. these indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to american employers. it is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. thus， it is in the west that a peculiarly american political culture began， among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely antiaristocratic.
1.which of the following statements about migrants to colonial north america is supported by information in the passage？
（a） a larger percentage of migrants to colonial north america came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.
（b） migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.
（c） migrants to colonial north america were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century.
（d） by the 1730's， migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by american employers than were unskilled laborers.
（e） a significant percentage of migrants who came to the colonies to acquire land were forced to work as field hands for prosperous american farmers.
2.the author of the passage states that bailyn failed to
（a） give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and england
（b） describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the united states
（c） take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial north america specifically to acquire land
（d） relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the character of the united states
（e） investigate the lives of europeans before they came to colonial north america to determine more adequately their motivations for migrating
3.which of the following best summarizes the author's evaluation of bailyn's fourth pro-position？
（a） it is totally implausible.
（b） it is partially correct.
（c） it is highly admirable.
（d） it is controversial though persuasive.
（e） it is intriguing though unsubstantiated.
4.according to the passage， bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial new england？
（a） high culture in new england never equaled the high culture of england.
（b） the cultural achievements of colonial new england have generally been unrecognized by historians.
（c） the colonists imitated the high culture of england， and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their own.
（d） the southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of new england.
（e） new england communities were able to create laws and build a university， but unable to create anything innovative in the arts.
5.according to the passage， which of the following is true of english migrants to the colonies during the eighteenth century？
（a） most of them were farmers rather than trades people or artisans.
（b） most of them came because they were unable to find work in england.
（c） they differed from other english people in that they were willing to travel.
（d） they expected that the colonies would offer them increased opportunity.
（e） they were generally not as educated as the people who remained in england.
6.the author of the passage is primarily concerned with
（a） comparing several current interpretations of early american history
（b） suggesting that new social research on migration should lead to revisions in current interpretations of early american history
（c） providing the theoretical framework that is used by most historians in understanding early american history
（d） refuting an argument about early american history that has been proposed by social historians
（e） discussing a reinterpretation of early american history that is based on new social research on migration
7.it can be inferred from the passage that american history textbooks used to assert that
（a） many migrants to colonial north america were not successful financially
（b） more migrants came to america out of religious or political conviction that came in the hope of acquiring land
（c） new england communities were much alike in terms of their economics and demographics
（d） many migrants to colonial north america failed to maintain ties with their european relations
（e） the level of literacy in new england communities was very high
8.the author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about bailyn's work？
（a） bailyn underestimates the effects of puritan thought on north american culture.
（b） bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on great britain.
（c） bailyn's description of the colonies as part of an anglo-america empire is misleading and incorrect.
（d） bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of migrants to colonial north america.
（e） bailyn overemphasizes the experiences of migrants to the new england colonies， and neglects the southern and the western parts of the new world.
passage 2
at the end of the nineteenth century， a rising interest in native american customs and an increasing desire to understand native american culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of native american. ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories： they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations， and they believed that the personal stories， even of a single individual， could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without. in addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that native american manners and customs were rapidly disappearing， and that it was important to ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories： they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations， and they believed that the personal stories， even of a single individual， could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without. in addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that native american manners and customs were rapidly disappearing， and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever.
there were， however， arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. franz boas， for example， described autobiographies as being “of limited value， and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory，” while paul radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing， and inevitably derived results too tinged by the investigator's own emotional tone to be reliable. even more importantly， as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form， much was inevitably lost. editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. native americans recognized that the essence of native americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in english and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers. indeed， the very act of telling their stories could force native american narrators to distort their cultures， as taboos had to be broken to speak the names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories.
despite all of this， autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research： such personal reminiscences and impressions， incomplete as they may be， are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture.
1. which of the following best describes the organization of the passage？
（a） the historical backgrounds of two currently used research methods are chronicled.
（b） the validity of the data collected by using two different research methods is compared.
（c） the usefulness of a research method is questioned and then a new method is proposed.
（d） the use of a research method is described and the limitations of the results obtained are discussed.
（e） a research method is evaluated and the changes necessary for its adaptation to other subject areas are discussed.
2. which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of native americans？
（a） a witness in a jury trial invokes the fifth amendment in order to avoid relating personally incriminating evidence.
（b） a stockbroker refuses to divulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in a stock's value.
（c） a sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar.
（d） a chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert.
（e） a politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by herself.
3. according to the passage， collecting life stories can be a useful methodology because
（a） life stories provide deeper insights into a culture than the hypothesizing of academics who are not members of that culture
（b） life stories can be collected easily and they are not subject to invalid interpretations
（c） ethnologists have a limited number of research methods from which to choose
（d） life stories make it easy to distinguish between the important and unimportant features of a culture
（e） the collection of life stories does not require a culturally knowledgeable investigator
4. information in the passage suggests that which of the following may be a possible way to eliminate bias in the editing of life stories？
（a） basing all inferences made about the culture on an ethnological theory
（b） eliminating all of the emotion-laden information reported by the informant
（c） translating the informant's words into the researcher's language
（d） reducing the number of questions and carefully specifying the content of the questions that the investigator can ask the informant
（e） reporting all of the information that the informant provides regardless of the investigator's personal opinion about its intrinsic value
5. the primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to
（a） question an explanation
（b） correct a misconception
（c） critique a methodology
（d） discredit an idea
（e） clarify an ambiguity
6. it can be inferred from the passage that a characteristic of the ethnological research on native americans conducted during the nineteenth century was the use of which of the following？
（a） investigators familiar with the culture under study
（b） a language other than the informant's for recording life stories
（c） life stories as the ethnologist's primary source of information
（d） complete transcriptions of informants' descriptions of tribal beliefs
（e） stringent guidelines for the preservation of cultural data
7. the passage mentions which of the following as a factor that can affect the accuracy of ethnologists' transcriptions of life stories？
（a） the informant's social standing within the culture
（b） the inclusiveness of the theory that provided the basis for the research
（c） the length of time the researchers spent in the culture under study
（d） the number of life stories collected by the researchers
（e） the verifiability of the information provided by the research informants
8. it can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the usefulness of life stories as a source of ethnographic information？
（a） they can be a source of information about how people in a culture view the world.
（b） they are most useful as a source of linguistic information.
（c） they require editing and interpretation before they can be useful.
（d） they are most useful as a source of information about ancestry.
（e） they provide incidental information rather than significant insights into a way of life.
passage 3
caffeine， the stimulant in coffee， has been called “the most widely used psychoactive substance on earth.” synder， daly， and bruns have recently proposed that caffeine affects behavior by countering the activity in the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called adenosine. adenosine norm-ally depresses neuron firing in many areas of the brain. it apparently does this by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters， chemicals that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next. like many other agents that affect neuron firing， adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on neuronal membranes. there are at least two classes of these receptors， which have been designated a1 and a2. snyder et al propose like many other agents that affect neuron firing， adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on neuronal membranes. there are at least two classes of these receptors， which have been designated a1 and a2. snyder et al propose that caffeine， which is structurally similar to adenosine， is able to bind to both types of receptors， which prevents adenosine from attaching there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than they otherwise would.
for many years， caffeine's effects have been attributed to its inhibition of the production of phosphodiesterase， an enzyme that breaks down the chemical called cyclic amp.a number of neurotransmitters exert their effects by first increasing cyclic amp concentrations in target neurons. therefore， prolonged periods at the elevated concentrations， as might be brought about by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor， could lead to a greater amount of neuron firing and， consequently， to behavioral stimulation. but snyder et al point out that the caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than those that produce stimulation. moreover， other compounds that block phosphodiesterase's activity are not stimulants.
to buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding， snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. “in general，” they reported， “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse； i.e.， the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors， the higher their ability to stimulate locomotion.” theophylline， a close structural relative of caffeine and the major stimulant in tea， was one of the most effective compounds in both regards.
there were some apparent exceptions to the general correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding and stimulation. one of these was a compound called 3-isobuty1-1-methylxanthine （ibmx）， which bound very well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. snyder et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block to their hypothesis. the problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain， a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs. even caffeine， which is generally known only for its stimulatory effects， displays this property， depressing mouse locomotion at very low concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.
1.the primary purpose of the passage is to
（a） discuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood
（b） present two explanations of a phenomenon and reconcile the differences between them
（c） summarize two theories and suggest a third theory that overcomes the problems encountered in the first two
（d） describe an alternative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that support it
（e） challenge the validity of a theory by exposing the inconsistencies and contra-dictions in it
2.which of the following， if true， would most weaken the theory proposed by snyder et al？
（a） at very low concentrations in the human brain， both caffeine and theophylline tend to have depressive rather than stimulatory effects on human behavior.
（b） the ability of caffeine derivatives at very low concentrations to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in mouse brains correlates well with their ability to stimulate mouse locomotion at these low concentrations.
（c） the concentration of cyclic amp in target neurons in the human brain that leads to increased neuron firing can be produced by several different phosphodiesterase inhibitors in addition to caffeine.
（d） the concentration of caffeine required to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the human brain is much greater than the concentration that produces behavioral stimulation in humans.
（e） the concentration of ibmx required to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in mouse brains is much smaller than the concentration that stimulates locomotion in the mouse.
3. according to snyder et al， caffeine differs from adenosine in that caffeine
（a） stimulates behavior in the mouse and in humans， whereas adenosine stimulates behavior in humans only
（b） has mixed effects in the brain， whereas adenosine has only a stimulatory effect
（c） increases cyclic amp concentrations in target neurons， whereas adenosine decreases such concentrations
（d） permits release of neurotransmitters when it is bound to adenosine receptors， whereas adenosine inhibits such release
（e） inhibits both neuron firing and the production of phosphodiesterase when there is a sufficient concentration in the brain， whereas adenosine inhibits only neuron firing
4. in response to experimental results concerning ibmx， snyder et al contended that it is not uncommon for psychoactive drugs to have
（a） mixed effects in the brain
（b） inhibitory effects on enzymes in the brain
（c） close structural relationships with caffeine
（d） depressive effects on mouse locomotion
（e） the ability to dislodge caffeine from receptors in the brain
5. the passage suggests that snyder et al believe that if the older theory concerning caffeine's effects were correct， which of the following would have to be the case？
ⅰ。all neurotransmitters would increase the short-term concentration of cyclic amp in target neurons.
ⅱ。substances other than caffeine that inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase would be stimulants.
ⅲ。all concentration levels of caffeine that are high enough to produce stimulation would also inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase.
（a） ⅰ only
（b） ⅰ and ⅱ only
（c） ⅰand ⅲ only
（d） ⅱ and ⅲ only
（e） ⅰ，ⅱ，and ⅲ
6. according to snyder et al， all of the following compounds can bind to specific receptors in the brain except
（a） ibmx
（b） caffeine
（c） adenosine
（d） theophylline
（e） phosphodiesterase
7. snyder et al suggest that caffeine's ability to bind to a1 and a2 receptors can be at least partially attributed to which of the following？
（a） the chemical relationship between caffeine and phosphodiesterase
（b） the structural relationship between caffeine and adenosine
（c） the structural similarity between caffeine and neurotransmitters
（d） the ability of caffeine to stimulate behavior
（e） the natural occurrence of caffeine and adenosine in the brain
8. the author quotes snyder et al in lines 38-43 most probably in order to
（a） reveal some of the assumptions underlying their theory
（b） summarize a major finding of their experiments
（c） point out that their experiments were limited to the mouse
（d） indicate that their experiments resulted only in general correlations
（e） refute the objections made by supporters of the older theory
9. the last paragraph of the passage performs which of the following functions？
（a） describes a disconfirming experimental result and reports the explanation given by
snyder et al in an attempt to reconcile this result with their theory.
（b） specifies the basis for the correlation observed by snyder et al and presents an explanation in an attempt to make the correlation consistent with the operation of psychoactive drugs other than caffeine.
（c） elaborates the description of the correlation observed by snyder et al and suggests an additional explanation in an attempt to make the correlation consistent with the older theory.
（d） reports inconsistent experimental data and describes the methods snyder et al will use to reanalyze this data.
（e） provides an example of the hypothesis proposed by snyder et al and relates this example to caffeine's
properties.
passage 4
since the only 1970's， historians have begun to devote serious attention to the working class in the united state. yet while we now have studies of working-class communties and culture， we know remarkably little of worklessness， when historians have focused on the great depression of the 1930's. the narrowness of this perspective ignores the pervasive recessions and joblessness of the previous decades， as alexander keyssar shows in his recent book. examining the period 1870-1920， keyssar concentrates on massachusetts， where teh historical materials are particularly rich， and the findings applicable to other industrial areas.
（the unemployment rates that keyssar calculates appear to be relatively modest， at least by great depression standards： during the worst years， in the 1870's and 1890's， unemployment was around 15 percent）。 yet keyssar rightly understands that a better way to measure the impact of unemployment is to calculate unemployment frequencies-measuring the percentage of workers who experience any unemployment in the course of a year. given this perspective， joblessness looms much larger.
keyssar also scrutinize unemployment patterns according to skill level， ethnicity， race， age， class， and gender. he finds that rates of joblessness differed primarily according to class： those in middle-class and white-collar occupations were far less likely to be unemployed. yet the impart of unemployment on a specific class was not always the same. even when dependent on the same trade， adjoining communities could have dramatically different unemployment rates. keyssar uses these differential rates to help explain a phenomenon that has puzzled historians the startlingly high rate of geo-graphical mobility in the nineteenth-century united states. but mobility was not the dominant working-class strategy for coping with unemployment， nor was assistance from private charites or state agencies. self-help and the help of kin got most workers through jobless spells.
while kayssar might have spent more time developing the implications of his finding on joblessness for contemporary public policy， his study， in its thorough research and creative use of quantitative and qualitative evidence， is a model of historical analysis.
1. the passage is primarily concerned with
（a） recommending a new course of investigation
（b） summarizing and assessing a study
（c） making distinctions among categories
（d） criticizing the current state of a field
（e） comparing and contrasting two methods for calculating data
2. the passage suggests that before the early 1970's ， which of the following was true of the study by historians of the working class in the unite state？
（a） the study was infrequent or superficial， or both.
（b） the study was repeatedly criticized for its allegedly narrow focus.
（c） the study relied more on qualitative than quantitative evidence.
（d） the study focused more on the working-class community than on working-class culture.
（e） the study ignored working-class joblessness during the great depression.
3. according to the passage， which of the following is true of keyssar's findings concerning unemployment in massachusetts？
（a） they tend to contradict earlier findings about such unemployment.
（b） they are possible because massachusetts has the most easily accessible historical records.
（c） they are the first to mention the existence of high rates of geographical mobility in the nineteenth century.
（d） they are relevant to a historical understanding of the nature of unemployment in other states.
（e） they have cause historians to reconsider the role of the working class during the great depression.
4. according to the passage， which of the follow is true of the unemployment rates mentioned in line 15
（a） they hovered， on averrage， around 15 percent during the period 1870-1920.
（b） they give less than a full sense of the impact of unemployment on working-class people.
（c） they overstimate the importance of middle class and white-collar unemploument
（d） they have been considered by many historians to underestimate the extent of working-class unemploument.
（e） they are more open to question when calculated for years other than those of peak recession.
5. which of the following statements about the unemployemnt rate during the great depression can be inferred from the passage？
（a） it was sometimes higher than 15 percent.
（b） it has been analyzed seriously only since the early 1970's.
（c） it can be calculated more easily than can unemployment frequency.
（d） it was never as high as the rate during the 1870's.
（e） it has been shown by keyssar to be lower than previously thought.
6. according to the passage， keyssar considers which of the following to be among the important predictors of the likelihood that a particular person would be unemployed in late nineteenth-century massachusetts？
ⅰ。 they person's class
ⅱ。 where the person lived or worked
ⅲ。 the person's age
（a） ⅰonly
（b） ⅱonly
（c） ⅰand ⅱonly
（d） ⅰand ⅲonly
（e） ⅰ，ⅱ，and ⅲ
7. the author views keyssar's study with
（a） impatient disapproval
（b） wary concern
（c） polite skepticism
（d） scrupulous neutrality
（e） qualified admiration
8. which of the following， if ture， would most strongly support keyssar's findings as they are descrebed by the author？
（a） boston， massachusetts， and quincy， massachusetts， adjoining communities， had a higher rate of unemployment for working-class people in 1870 than in 1890.
（b） white-collar professionlars such as attorneys had as much trouble as day laborers in maintaining a steady level of employment throughout the period 1870-1920.
（c） working-class women living in cambridge， massachusetts， were more likely than working-class men living in cambridge to be unemployed for some period of time during the year 1873.
（d） in the 1890's shoe-factory workers moved away in large numbers from chelmsford， massachusetts， where shoe factories wew being replaced by other industries， to adjoining west chelmsford， where the shoe industry floutished.
（e） in the late nineteenth century， workers of all classes in massachusetts were more likely than workers of all classes in other staates to move their place of residence from one location to another within the state.
keys：
passage 1： ddbad eca
passage 2： dcaec bca
passage 3： dddad ebba
passage 4： badba ced