2008聯考必背英語辭彙講座—w字頭

1、work on, work at

這兩個短語動詞都可以用作及物動詞,均可表示“從事於,致力於”的意思,其後須跟名詞,代詞或者動名詞作賓語,一般情況下可以互換,例如:they have been working on a design for a lighter plough.他們一直在設計一種比較輕的犁。they are working on a report of their investigation of synthetic rubber.他們在寫一份合成橡膠的調查報告。he is working on a new novel.他正在寫一本新的小說。they have worked on this subject for many years.他們研究這門學科已經有好多年了。she is working at some exercises.她在做練習題。they worked at it whenever regular field tasks are not pressing.日常的農活不緊迫時,他們就幹這個。

work on除表示“從事於”的意思外,常見的意思還有“繼續工作”。這時,on是副詞,其後不能跟賓語。例如:they'll work on until sunset.他們將繼續工作,直到日落。

2、worth, worthy to, worthy of, worthwhile

worth是“值得”的意思,一般看作介詞(也有人認為是形容詞),後面通常接(金額,時間,精力之類的)的名詞或動名詞。接動名詞時,要用主動形式,表示的卻是被動的意義。有時為了強調,worth前還可以用適當的副詞修飾。例如:what is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做。this precision instrument is worth 10,000 yuan.這台精密儀器值一萬元。the research work is worth our while.我們在這項研究工作上花了精力是值得的。

worthy to和worthy of除表示“值得的”的意義外,還有“配得上,相稱的”等意思。前者後通常接被動不定式,間或接主動不定式。後者後通常接名詞(但不能接有關鈔票數目的名詞)或動名詞的被動形式,有時也接動名詞主動形式。例如:it is a thing worthy to be seen.這件東西值得一看。nothing occurred worthy of being mentioned.沒有發生什麼值得一提的事。she is worthy of this necklace.她是配得上這條項鍊的。

worthwhile是形容詞,可用作表語,其主語可以是名詞,代詞,動名詞或不定式;它亦可用作定語。此外,worthwhile還可以分開,在while前加物主代詞。例如:it is worthwhile visiting hangzhou.杭州值得一游。this is a worthwhile experiment.這是一項值得進行的實驗。it is worth our while to read the book.我們讀這本書是值得的。

3、war, battle, fight

war“戰爭”解,每個war之中可以包含許多次的battle。battle作“戰役”解,指在war進行之中的各次戰役及大的戰鬥。fight作“作戰,戰鬥”解,一個battle之中可以包含多次的fight,尤指短兵相接的肉搏戰。這一組詞不但可表示具體的戰爭和戰鬥,亦可用於抽象意義。例如:russia was beaten in the war with japan.在與日本的戰爭中,俄國被打敗了。he led the battle against poverty and disease.他領導著這一場與貧困和疾病鬥爭的戰役。there had been two or three sea fights between the two countries.這兩個國家已有過兩三次海戰了。

4、what ever, whatever

what ever指“到底(是)什麼,究竟(是)什麼”,用於疑問句中,其中的ever被用來加強語氣,表示驚奇,憤怒等感情色彩。例如:what ever do you think you're doing?你究竟在乾什麼?what ever do you mean?你到底是什麼意思?

whatever指“無論什麼,任何的”,常用來引導名詞性從句及狀語從句,在引導名詞從句時相當於anything that,引導狀語從句時相當於no matter what。例如:whatever you say is wrong.不管你說什麼總是錯的。whatever problem you have, you can always come to me for help.無論你有什麼問題,都可以找我幫忙。

5、would rather, prefer

這兩者均可表示“寧願,更喜歡”。

would rather是一個情態詞組,後接省去to的不定式,表示某個具體的特定行為。prefer是一個實義動詞,後接帶to的不定式,也表示一個具體的特定行為。例如:he would rather join you in the research work.他寧願加入到你的研究工作中來。which would you rather have, bread or rice?麵包和米飯,你更喜歡哪一個?we prefer to living this way.我們更喜歡這種生活方式。he preferred to go on a picnic with the girls.他更喜歡和女孩們去野餐。

兩者接不定式時,可分別與than和rather than搭配,表示“寧願...而不願”,would rather...than與prefer...rather than的後半部分均接省去to的不定式。例如:he would rather work than play.他寧願工作也不願玩。he would rather be poor than get money in such a dishonest way.他寧願受窮也不願以這樣一種不誠實的方法弄到錢。they preferred to die of hunger rather than take his bread.他們寧願餓死也不願接受他的麵包。she prefers to be trouble rather than be taken care of by her parents.她寧願有麻煩也不願讓父母照顧她。

prefer後能接名詞或動名詞作賓語,用動名詞時,表示一個習慣性的動作。它也可與介詞to搭配,表示“喜歡...而不喜歡。would rather則不能接名詞及動名詞。例如:do you prefer coffee or tea?你喜歡咖啡還是茶?she prefers being alone.她喜歡一個人呆著。i prefer orange to red.相比於紅色,我更喜歡橙色。he prefers reading novels to watching tv.相比於看電視,他更喜歡看小說。 

prefer可跟帶不定式的複合結構,而would rather則沒有這種用法。例如:i prefer you not to come.我寧願你不要來。i should prefer you not to stay there too long.我寧願你別在那兒待得太久。

would rather和prefer後都可接從句,從句中要用虛擬語氣:在would rather後的從句里,要用過去時態表示現在和將來,用過去完成時態表示過去;在prefer後的從句里,則用should加動詞原形的形式,should 也可以省去。例如:i would rather you came next month.我寧願你下個月來。we'd rather you hadn't done that.我們寧願你沒做過那件事。i prefer that the plan be fully discussed before it is carried out.我更希望這個計畫在實施之前先對其進行充分的討論。he preferred that we do it some other way.他更希望我們換一種方式做這件事。