part ii: vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 for each)
section a
directions: in this section there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. choose the one from the four choices marked a, b, c and d that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring answer sheet.
11. people buy insurance in order to substitute a small, certain, tolerable loss for a large, uncertain catastrophic one.
a. dominate b. input c. exchange d. manipulate
12. on the map you can see clearly the layout of the rooms in the constructing building.
a. pattern b. design c. outlook d. arrangement
13. now all about the truth has been manifest to all of us, and what do you still want to say?
a. clear b. confusing c. obscure d. vague
14. generally speaking, in warm climates human beings mature more rapidly than in cold climate.
a. ripen b. age c. grow d. become
15. did it ever occur to you that one day human beings can probably live in another planet?
a. arrive to b. take place c. get to d. come to
16. other roommates are all going to bed and you would be as well advised to do likewise.
a. differently b. similarly c. together d. altogether
17. nations all over the world are especially on guard against terrorism rearing its ugly head again.
a. raising b. lowering c. turning d. moving
18. the situation was getting worse, which brought about an anarchy in this city.
a. chart b. disorder c. charity d. turbine
19. his new job entails setting up a good sales record in cosmetics in this city.
a. responds b. tightens c. requires d. testifies
20. the only person who you can never let down is just yourself instead of anybody else.
a. drop b. cheat c. lie d. disappoint
section b
directions: in this section there are 10 incomplete sentences. for each sentence there are four choices marked a, b, c and d. choose the one that best completes the sentence. then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring answer sheet.
21. students of this school are not allowed to wear other clothes except the school ______.
a. dress b. clothes c. uniform d. shirt
22. we must ______ that the telegram arrives in time and some one should be sent to meet us at the airport.
a. ensure b. entitle c. secure d. insure
23. the doctor told the students that an ______ disease was one that could be passed from one person to another.
a. effective b. infectious c. equivalent d. inherent
24. it never ______ martine that his best friend’s girlfriend would fall in love
with him.
a. came to b. got to c. ran into d. occurred to
25. on this website you are able to find ______ published on all kinds of birds’ life.
a. objections b. obstacles c. observations d. occasions
26. there will be a test tomorrow morning. she is busy ______ her geography notes for it.
a. revising b. preparing c. writing d. collecting
27. little tom was very satisfied with his current part-time job, by which he could earn, ______, two dollars per hour.
a. more and more b. more or less c. no more than d. no less than
28. it is believed that ___
___ is never created or destroyed, but is only transferred or transformed.
a. will b. energy c. vigor d. power
29. the soil of this river valley is particularly ______. it is suitable for us to grow any kind of crop.
a. diverse b. mobile c. fertile d. natural
30. usually a percentage of your salary is ______ by the employer as an insurance payment.
a. kept off b. kept on c. kept up d. kept back
part iii: reading comprehension
(45 minutes, 25 points, 1 for each)
directions: there are five passages in this part. each passage is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. for each of them there are four choices marked a, b, c and d. choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring answer sheet.
passage one
choosing a travel companion is at least as uncertain as choosing marriage partner. the chances of success are perhaps even less. the initial stages of both journeys are filled with enthusiasms, indulgences, and a fairly consistent closing of the eyes to that which may later become, if not unacceptable, at the very least unpalatable.
no law of casualty exists to insist that in choosing a travel companion you will lose a friend. but it’s not unlikely. the odds depend on the length and the rigorousness of the trip. some friendships have strength that will withstand even travel; others, based on happenstance, are by nature short-lived and travel merely hastens their dissolution.
perhaps i should make it clear that in discussing this matter of travel companions i am confining myself to platonio friendships. intimate friends may well be the best companions of all, but entirely different rules of travel prevail. compromises and concessions, demands and entreaties to and from such companions clearly stem from a recognized emotional base that colors every issue. i’ll confine myself, then, to companions, male and female, who are sharing a trip solely for company.
why bother at all with a travel companion? why not travel alone, in single blessedness, unencumbered and swiftly pursuing one’s goal? some of the answers are obvious: a congenial fellow traveler eases the stress and tensions, adds to the delights and rewards and pays half the bills. if the threat of loneliness is frightening, even a grumpy companion will foretell that, and quite often bring you to the point where you devoutly wish you were alone.
finding that suitable companion is something of an art and something of a gamble. but the choice should be determined by one cardinal rule: both travelers should be going on the trip with the same idea in mind. they should hold in common a theory of travel.
31. according to the author, compared with choosing a marriage partner, choosing a travel companion is ______.
a. just as difficult as it
b. is possibly easier than it
c. is perhaps less certain than it
d. is perhaps less uncertain than it
32. travel will give us a chance to ______.
a. become strong and vigorous
b. testify our friendship
c. see who is our enemy
d. lose a friend
33. the travel companion the author refers to is ______.
a. anybody you meet
b. a spiritual friend
c. an intimate friendd. anybody who shares a trip simply for partnership
34. the author thinks that ______.
a. unlike intimate friends, travel companion needn’t make many compromises and concessions
b. travel companions will add to the delights and pays half the bills
c. it is possible to foretell whether two people will get along on the trip
d. the advantages of choosing a travel companion are at least as great as those of traveling alone
35. we can infer from the passage that ______.
a. a friend in need is a friend indeed
b. opposite types of people attract each other
c. like-minded people can make good travel companions
d. even intimate friends have arguments
passage two
coincident with concerns about the acceleration loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the earth and human well-being. much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rainforest habitats. relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.
an alien exploring earth would probably give priority to the planet’s dominant, most distinctive feature—the ocean. humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the earth’s surface. given that two-thirds of the earth surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.
the fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world’s rain forest does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. one scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. while every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750,000 species of insects. if basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.
to appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. every spoonful of ocean water contains life, on the order of 100 to 100,000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvae of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.
36. what is the main point of the passage?
a. humans are destroying thousands of species.
b. there are thousands of insect species.
c. the sea is even richer in life than the rain forests.
d. coral reefs are similar to rain forests.
37. why does the author compare rain forests and coral reefs in paragraph 1?
a. they are approximately the same size.
b. they share many similar species.
c. most of their inhabitants require water.
d. both have many different forms of life.
38. the passage suggests that most rain forest species are ______.
a. insects b. bacteria c. mammals d. birds
39. the word “assorted” at the end of the passage probably means ______.
a. mixed b. numerous c. interesting d. accumulated
40. which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?
a. ocean life is highly adaptive.
b. more attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.
c. ocean life is primarily composed of plants.
d. the sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.
41. according to the passage, the inspectors always visit schools ______.
a. for the same number of days
b. if a brief inspection suggests something is wrong
c. if parents have complained about them
d. if they hear that the school is doing very well
42. when the teachers at a school are unsatisfactory ______.
a. the school can prevent the inspectors from seeing them
b. the inspectors make critical comments
c. the inspectors send a report to the headmaster
d. the inspectors have power to get rid of them
43. the main reason why inspectors study teachers’ qualifications is that ______.
a. many teachers are not officially qualified
b. some teachers refuse to teach unpopular subjects
c. some teachers are not being employed appropriately
d. headmasters often neglect certain subjects
44. inspectors’ recommendations on schools ______.
a. are immediately communicated in general terms
b. are kept secret from the schools concerned until they are made public
c. frequently come as a shook to headmasters
d. take so long to appear that they are not very useful
45. if you were a teacher in a secondary school in britain, you would have been less likely to receive a visit from an inspector last year than if you worked in ______.
a. a primary school
b. a special school
c. an independent school
d. a further education college
passage four
international ocean shipping constitutes a highly significant aspect of world economic and political relationships. the rapid growth in world trade and the emergence of new national entities in the last 30 years have further emphasized the role of international shipping. because of the generally free environment in which it has operated, the industry is highly mobile and flexible—characteristics that, together with technological progress, have facilitated the rapid growth in world trade in recent years, however, there have been several technological and institutional developments that are likely to have major efforts on the industry. one of the latter is the aggregation of conventions and practices known as the law of the sea, which has been discussed in the united nations conference on the law of the sea since 1958. the third unclos began in 1974 and concluded when a treaty was issued on april 30, 1982. the treaty will enter in force when 60 nations have ratified it. how soon that will happen is, of course, not possible to say. what can be said is that a new legal structure governing the oceans appears to be evolving, with traditional principles giving way to new concepts. since the environment in which an industry operates determines its structure and mode of operations, international shipping has been molded by the conventional principles governing the use of the oceans as highways and will be affected by shifts in the international climate and changes in the law of sea.
ocean shipping, as we know it today, has developed under the concepts of “freedom of the seas” and limited territorial waters with the rights of “innocent passage.” clearly, a new law of the sea derived from a reinterpretation of these concepts will significantly change the atmosphere in which the shipping industry operates and, accordingly, dictate revised policies and practices for both industry and public authorities. minimally, ship operations must consider changes in the definitions of what constitutes the high seas. they must consider the corresponding changes in the jurisdiction of shipping lanes and coastal and open waters; compliance with rules for environmental protection; and vessel traffic controls in some areas.
46. according to the author, international ocean shipping ______.
a. has benefited a lot from international cultural communication
b. is under strict national and international control
c. has strict and stable rules
d. is playing a major role in the growth of world trade
47. conference on the law of the sea is hosted by ______.
a. the united nations
b. the world bank
c. the european committee
d. the world trade organization
48. the 1982 treaty on law of sea will enter into force ______.
a. on april 30, 1982
b. in no time
c. after a certain number of countries have joined in it
d. when it has been accepted by most countries in the world
49. the author believes that ______.
a. the conventional principles emphasis the climate of the oceans
b. the conventional principles determine the structure of international shipping in the future
c. the conv
entional principles will be replaced by the new ones
d. the conventional principles are out of date now
50. the most proper title for this passage is ______.
a. the changing industry of international shipping
b. the new law of the sea
c. international shipping in thirty years
d. new principles governing international shipping
passage five
entrepreneurs are everybody’s darlings these days. they may be small, but they are innovative. and innovation, we are assured, is the main engine of economic growth.
for policymakers everywhere, the task is to get the little critters to nest and breed. give them the conditions they like—plenty of venture capital, tax breaks and a risk-taking culture—and the sun will shine on all of us, just like in california.
along comes amar bhide to tell us most of this is plain wrong. entrepreneurs, he asserts, are not risk-takers at all. nor do most of them innovate, or depend on venture capital.
his findings are striking enough. start with his assertion that entrepreneurs are not innovators or risk-takers. the vast majority of new businesses, he points out, start small and stay that way. these are the hairdressing salons, corner shops and landscape gardeners. those are mature, predictable industries. for just that reason, they are the least profitable.
the success stories come in areas of high uncertainty: where markets are changing fast because of technology, regulation or fashion. a very large proportion, unsurprisingly, are in computing.
but mr bhide insists they are rarely innovative. the people who start high-growth businesses take a humdrum idea, usually from someone else, then change it constantly to fit the market. the starting point is much less important than what happens next.
nor are they risk-takers. these are typically young people, with no money, expertise or status. they have nothing to lose. risk arrives later on, when they have made their pile and must decide whether to invest in long-term growth or sell out.
this is one reason why so few promising start-ups become a dell or microsoft. taking planned, calculated risks is the job of big, established companies, mr bhide argues. true entrepreneurs rarely have the temperament for it.
what they have, instead, is a high tolerance for ambiguity—defined as knowledge that you know you do not have. few of mr. bhide’s interviewees began with any kind of business plan. that would have been a waste of time: the future was simply too uncertain. therein lay their opportunity.
big companies may be happy with risk, but they cannot stand ambiguity. they can invest billions in a chip plant or oil field, but only when they know the odds. when the odds are unknown, entrepreneurs have the game to themselves.
51. the passage mainly discusses ______.
a. the myths surrounding entrepreneurs
b. the success stories of entrepreneurs
c. qualities of successful entrepreneurs
d. differences between entrepreneurs and big companies
52. all of the following are true of hairdressing salons, corner shops and landscape gardeners except ______.
a. they are small in scale
b. they are familiar businesses
c. they are not very profitable
d. they are often dictated by technology, regulation or fashion
53. the success of small businesses lies in ______.
a. innovation b. uncertainly c. original ideas d. risk-taking
54. which of the following is true of companies like dell or microsoft?
a. they always started on venture capital.
b. they do not take risks and wait for chance to take place.
c. they are small in scale.
d. they are pretty sure how their business will turn out.
55. the word “ambiguity” as used in the passage could best be replaced by ______.
a. risk b. odds c. uncertainty d. knowledge