英語四級常考辭彙輔導

  辭彙題在考試中的比例也不小,那么今天我們就來看看詞語用法.

  辭彙是語言的重要組成部分。學習任何一種語言都必須學習它的辭彙。本文就大學英語三級考試的辭彙題型介紹一些幫助學生擴大辭彙量的方法,使之順利通過三級考試。
常見的辭彙測試出題方式大致有以下幾種:

第一節 諧音詞,同綴詞,同根詞

  諧音詞是指發音相似,拼寫不同,詞意也完全不相關聯的一類詞語。考試中有些學生容易在這方面造成失誤(尤其是聽力測試中),主要是自己本身發音不準確或單詞拼寫記不牢。對策是平時加強基本功訓練,並注意這類詞語的歸類記憶法。
[例1] the rain was heavy and the land was flooded.
a) consequently b) continuously c) constantly d) consistently
[分析] 答案為a項。這類詞為拼寫相似,讀音相似,外形相似的一組,常為諧音詞。
[例2] there were no tickets for friday’s performance.
a) preferable b) considerable c) possible d) available
[分析] 同綴詞, 即指用派生法構成的一組詞, 其前綴或後綴相同, 此四個選項中均有後綴-able(-ible)。答案為d項。

  同綴詞、同根詞也是三級辭彙考試中常見的考點之一。這類辭彙的考試主要是測試學生對常見構詞法的掌握和套用能力。學習掌握構詞法是在短時間內迅速擴大辭彙量的科學而行之有效的方法。大多數詞根+詞綴所構成的新詞比較有規律,但也常有例外。因此,對於這一類詞既要掌握其基本規律,又要留意特殊、例外的詞。如果一概憑印象類推,就會造成失誤。比如同根、同綴又同性但不同義的詞就應特別注意。請看下列比較:
1.considerable ,considerate
considerable adj .相當大(多)的,可觀的,重要的。在句中常作定語,修飾名詞。considerate adj.體諒(貼)的,考慮周到的。在句中作定語或表語,修飾或說明人的品質。例如:【您正瀏覽的文章由(第一范 文網)整理,著作權歸原作者、原出處所有。】
writing is a slow process,requiring considerable thought,time and effort.
寫作可是個慢功夫,需要反覆思考,需要充分的時間,需要不懈的努力。
we should be considerate of the comfort of old people.
我們應當為老年人的舒適著想。
2. continual, continuous
continual adj.不斷的,頻繁的。指(中間有短暫間歇的)經常不斷的,又有中斷後重複開始,表“屢屢”之義,僅用於時間上。continuous adj.連續的,不斷的,持續的。有絕對不可中斷,不停止的含義。指無間斷的事件,也可指不間斷的空間、時間、電線、電波等。例如:
she was tired of continual trips to grocery, school and office.
老是跑食品店、學校和辦公室使她感到厭倦。
the continuous hot weather is oppressive.
這持續的炎熱天氣使人難以忍受。
3. economic, economical
economic adj.經濟(上)的,經濟學的。economical adj.節儉的,精打細算的;節省的。可用於指人。試比較:
we bought a small house for economic reasons.
由於經濟原因,我們買了一幢小房子。(暗示買不起大房子)
we bought a small house for economical reasons.
我們為了節省錢而買了一幢小房子。(表示不願多花費)
由此可見,同一個詞根能派生出詞義差別很大,甚至毫無關聯的同根同性異義詞。對這種語言現象切不可忽視。否則,將犯望文生義、誤用、濫用同根詞的錯誤。

現將三級考試中需著重掌握的前綴,後綴,構詞法列表如下:

表1


前綴

意義、作用

例示
anti- 反;抗;阻;排斥 antibody(抗體) counter- 相反的;對應的;回報 counterclockwise(逆時針地); countermeasure(對策); counterattack(反擊) dis- 否定,相反;除去 disregard(漠視), discard(扔棄), disburden(減輕…負擔) en- 使… enlist(徵募), endanger (使…遭到危險) ex- 先前的;向外的 ex-wife(前妻); external(外部的), extradite(引渡) fore- 預先,提前 foresight(先見,預見), forecast(預報)

im-, ir-

不, 非
impatient(不耐煩的) in-, il- 不,非,無 illiterate(不識字的,文盲的 inter- …之間(的 interurban(城際的), interaction(相互作用) mid- 中間的,中途的 midpoint(中點), midstream(中流) mis- 錯, 差, 壞 mispronounce(發音錯誤,誤讀), mistreat(虐待 non- 沒有, 不 non-vehicle(非機動車) over- 過度;超過 oversleep((使)睡過頭); overlook(俯瞰, 忽略) post- 過後的 postdoctoral(博士後的) pre- 預先的 preliminary(預備的) re- 再次,又;回頭 revenge(報復), refund(退款) un- 不, 非, 沒有 uninteresting(無聊的), unintended(不是存心的,非故意的) under- 低於;欠 underestimate(低估); underdeveloped(欠發達的)


表2

後綴 意義、作用 舉例 -en 構成動詞 strengthen(加強, 強化), widen(加寬) -fy 構成動詞 amplify(放大,擴大) -ize (-ise) 構成動詞,表 具有…特性 humanize(使具有人性) -th 構成名詞 length(長度), width(寬度) -ar, -er, -eer, -or 構成名詞,表 …者,…人,…器,…機 burglar(夜賊),profiteer(奸商)panhandler(乞丐), actor(男演員) -ee 構成名詞,表 …者,…人 standee(站客), absentee(缺席者) -ian 構成名詞,表 …者,…人 physician(內科醫生), comedian(喜劇演員) -age 構成名詞,表集合;身份;費用;活動,動作等 mileage(里程);pupilage(學生時期);postage(郵資); breakage(破損) -hood 構成名詞,表狀態 maidenhood(少女時期) -ancy, -ency 構成名詞,表狀態,品質 efficiency(效率), constancy(恆久性) -ance, -ence 構成名詞,表狀態、條件等 performance(表現,表演), existence(存在 -ion, -ation 構成名詞,表狀態、條件等 fertilization(施肥),humanization(人類化) -ity, -ty 構成名詞,表狀態、條件等 locality(所在地),superiority(先進) -ment 構成名詞,表狀態、條件等 enhancement(加強) -ness 構成名詞,表狀態、條件等 noiselessness(無聲) -dom 構成名詞,表狀態、性質等 wisdom(明智的行為),boredom(單調) -ship 構成名詞,表狀態、性質等 scholarship(獎學金), dictatorship(獨裁) -ant, -ian 構成名詞,表 …者,…人 anticipant(預期者,期盼者) , defendant(被告人) -ic(al) 構成形容詞 cyclical (參cycle), scenic(參scene) -ous 構成形容詞 advantageous, mountainous -ary, -ory 構成形容詞,表 …的 legendary(傳說中的), compulsory(強制性的) -able, -ible 構成形容詞,表 可…的 edible(可食用的),omissible(可刪除的) -like 構成形容詞,表 象…的 catlike(象貓的,偷偷摸摸的) -ish 構成形容詞,表 有…特性的 sheepish(懦弱的) -ive 構成形容詞,表 有…特性的 talkative(健談的) -ful 構成形容詞,表具有…特性;或構成名詞 resourceful(資源豐富的,足智多謀的); handful(一把,一小撮) -less 構成形容詞,表缺少,沒有… listless(倦怠的), restless(不安寧的) -ly 構成形容詞,副詞或名詞 highly(高度地); yearly(每年的(地)); monthly(月刊) -al 構成形容詞或名詞 provincial(省的,鄉土的),proposal(提議) -ist 構成形容詞或名詞 royalist(保皇主義者(的)), racialist(種族主義者) -y 構成形容詞或名詞 lengthy(冗長的), discovery(發現)

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第二節形似義異詞,同義或近義詞

1.形似義異詞
顧名思義,這類詞指的是詞形相似但意思不同或類似的一組詞。比如三級辭彙表中常見的有: rise, arise, arouse, raise; assume ,assure, ensure, insure; context, content, contact, contrast, contract; extend, expand, expense; protest, protect; late, later, latter, latest; reserve, deserve, preserve; quite, quiet, quick; conservation , conversation, convenience; etc.做這類題主要是根據特定語境即上下文的邏輯需求來選擇恰當的詞語。例如:
it is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and ___ knowledge.
a. extensive b. expansive c. intensive d. expensive
答案a.
[解析] 句意;一位合格的老師需具有良好的行為舉止和廣泛的知識。這四個選項的詞形很相似,但意思不同。a. extensive adj. 廣泛的 ; b .expansive adj. 擴展的, c.intensive adj . 精細的;d. expensive adj. 昂貴的. 根據句意,只有選 a才合乎語意邏輯。
又如: don’t ___this news to the public until we give you the go-ahead.
a) release b) relieve c) relate d) retain
答案 a
[解析]這四個詞為近形詞。句意:在未徵得我們同意之前,不要向公眾發布這條訊息。有時也可根據詞綴,詞根,或詞性來判斷。例如:
visibility was poor owing to the thick fog, and our plane had to make a landing.
a.forcing b.forcible c.forceful d.forced
[解析] 答案 d .句意:由於濃霧遮注了視線,我們的飛機被迫降落。這四個選項詞形很相似,都含有 force 但詞尾不同。--ing 表示主動,--ible表示能夠,--ful 表示充滿,--ed表示被動。根據題意此題含有被動之意,故選d.

2.同義或近義詞。
同義或近義詞主要指那些意思相近但又不完全等同的詞。例如:alone, lone, lonely; allow ,permit , let, admit ; evident ,apparent, clear, obvious; chance, opportunity; doubt , suspect; laugh , smile; look ,gaze, stare, glance, glimpse; safe, secure; wage, salary, income, pay. 英語中幾乎沒有意思上完全相同的同義詞。許多近義詞都存在著內涵和用法上的區別,而許多考生常常忽略了這些,從而作出錯誤的選擇。因此考生在學習中要多加注意近義詞的差異。例如:
free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as -------sickness.
a. normal b. regular c. average d. ordinary
答案d.
[解析] 句意:這個國家的公費醫療包括精神病和普通疾病。這四個選項的意思比較接近,都含有“普通的”的意思,但也有區別。a. normal adj. 正常的,一般的;b. regular adj. 規則的;c. average adj.普通的,平均的,通常指標準,情況普通或一般。d. ordinary adj. 普通的,一般的,常指人或事物不特殊。故選d。

第三節 動詞短語

動詞短語在三級考試中出現的頻率很高,是考點中的重中之重。
動詞短語常有以下幾種構成方法:
1.動詞+介詞:
take on ,take in ,take to, take after; look for, look after, look into;make for, make into; result from ,result in; hear about, hear from; pass through, fill in, depend on, etc.
例如:
in developing countries people are ___into overcrowded cities in great numbers.
a. breaking b. filling c. pouring d. hurrying
[解析] 答案c. 句意:在開發中國家,人們正大量湧向擁擠的城市。這四個選擇均由不同的動詞加上介詞into組成。a.break into意為闖入,b.fill into意為填寫,c.pour into意為湧入,d.hurry into意為匆忙,此題選c.

2.動詞+副詞:
lay down,take off,come out ,sit down, stand up, break up, break down, look up, give up, call off, put off, set up, etc.
例如:
the sports meet,originally due to be held last friday, was finally ___because of the bad weather.
a.set off b.broken off c.worn off d.called off
[解析]答案d.句意:原定上周五舉行的運動會最後由於天氣不好而取消。這四個選擇中的短語均由不同的動詞加上off組成。a.set off 出發;b break off 中斷;c worn off消失;d call off取消,故選d。

3.動詞+副詞+介詞:
come up with,do away with, keep up with, catch up with, live up to, put up with, (be)made up of , come out of, etc.
例如:
the destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money could___ .
a.stand up to b.make up for c.come up with d.put up with
[解析]答案 b.句意:這些珠寶的毀壞對人類是一損失,再多的錢也無法彌補。這四個選項均由動詞加上副詞再加上介詞組成。b.make up for意為彌補,故選之。

4.動詞+名詞+介詞:
make use of, pay attention to, take care of, make fun of, catch sight of, keep an eye on, etc.
例如: i caught a ___of the taxi before it disappeared around the corner of the street. [page]
a.vision b. glimpse c.look d.scene
[解析]答案 b. 句意:我看了一眼計程車,在它消失在拐角處時。 這四個選項均與句中的動詞構成動詞加名詞加介詞的形式作謂語。b. glimpse 意為一瞥,看一眼,故選之。

第四節 詞語搭配和習慣用法

詞語搭配和習慣表達是一種固定的搭配或慣用形式,是人們在長期的語言實踐中普遍習慣使用而既定成俗的表達方式。
例如:it rained heavily. 雨下得很大。
(解析)我們用 heavily 來修飾 rain ,而不用 largely或greatly.
又如: i used to smoke but i gave it up three years ago.
a.seriously b.heavily c.badly d.severly
[解析]答案b. 句意:我過去抽菸很厲害,但是三年前放棄了。這四個選項中a.seriously,c.badly和d.severly作副詞都含有“歷害,嚴重”的意思,但與smoke常見的搭配為heavily,而不是其它三個,故選b. 考生在平時要多注意一些習慣搭配,養成良好的語感,這樣就能作出正確的選擇。
測試搭配即是在測試中保留搭配中的一部分填另一部分。英語中的詞語搭配主要分成以下幾種:
1. 動詞+介詞。
這是最常見的一種搭配形式,相同的動詞可以與不同的介詞搭配形成不同含義的固定短語,例如:動詞stand和不同的介詞搭配形成:stand by(支持),stand for(忍受,代表), stand over(監督)等。同樣,相同的介詞也可以與不同的動詞形成不同意義的搭配,例如介詞for的搭配形式:ask for (要求得到), call for(邀約), run for(競選成為…)等。
與考查動詞短語的題目不同的是,動詞短語題考查的是考生對選項中各個短語意義和用法的掌握,而搭配題是指在測試中保留動詞填介詞,或保留介詞填動詞。
例1:when he realized the police had spotted him, the man the exit as quickly as possible.
a) made off b) made for c) made out d) made up
[答案]:b。
[分析]:本題考查學生對動詞短語的掌握情況。要求考生熟悉掌握由make構成的動詞短語的意義和用法。選項中,make for意指 "朝…走去";make out意思是 "理解,(勉強)辨認出";make up "彌補,賠償"。這些短語後可接賓語。make off意思是“離開,逃走”,是不及物的動詞短語,後面不應接賓語。句意是:當他意識到警察盯上自己時,便立即朝出口處走去。從句意來看,應該選擇b。
例2:the soldier was of running away when the enemy attacked
a) scolded b) charged  c) accused d) punished
[答案] c。
[分析]:本題為近義詞辨析題,旨在考查詞語搭配。固定搭配accuse sb. of sth.意思是因某事指控某人或指控某人犯某事;各選項中的動詞只有accuse與of搭配。scold 和punish都只能與for搭配,表示原因。scold sb. for sth.意思是因某事而責罵某人;punish sb. for sth. 指因某事而懲罰某人;charge多與with搭配,與accuse sb. of sth.意思相同。

2. 動詞+名詞。
動詞和名詞的搭配是英語學習中數量最多,最難掌握的一類,中國學生容易受中文的影響,導致錯誤選擇。
例如:the government is trying to do something to better understanding between the two countries.
a) raise b) promote c) heighten d) increase
[答案]:b。
[分析]:四個選項中,promote常與understanding搭配,意思是“促進了解”。全句譯為:“政府正在努力採取措施以促進兩國之間的進一步了解”。raise有“提高,增大”之意,heighten也有“增強,加強”之意,但是一般均不與understanding搭配。increase雖然可與understanding搭配,但不可與better同時使用。

3. 形容詞+介詞
常見的形容詞和介詞的搭配有:
( a ). be + adj. + about
concerned, crazy, curious, particular, worried, etc.
例如:mrs. brown is very particular about what she eats.
布朗太太對飲食非常講究。

( b ). be + adj. + for
anxious, available, eager, eligible(合格的), essential, famous, , grateful, greedy, hungry, qualified, reedy, remarkable, renowned (有名的), responsible, suitable, suited, thankful, thirsty, unfit, vital, well-known, watchful, etc.
例如:it does not alter the fact that he was the man for the death of the little girl.
a) accounting b) guilty c) responsible d) obliged
[答案]:c。
[譯文]:他推脫不掉應對小女孩的死亡所承擔的責任。
[分析]:be responsible for對…負責任;account 與for搭配,意思為“ 解釋”;guilty與of搭配,意思為“犯…罪”,與about搭配,意思為“對…感到內疚”;obliged與to搭配,意思為“對…感激”。
( c ). be + adj. + at
amazed, annoyed, astonished, bad, better, clever, delighted, dismayed, furious, good, incompetent, overjoyed, poor, quick, sick, shocked, skillful, struck, slow, surprised, terrible, etc.
例如:she is still furious at what i have done.
她仍然對我所做的事大發雷霆。

( d ). be + adj. + in
absorbed, abundant, accurate, active, caught up, confident, deceived, deficient (缺乏的), disappointed, dressed, engaged, employed, experienced, fortunate, generous, honest, high, interested, involved, lost, occupied, plentiful, proficient, prompt, rich, strong, successful, wanting(缺少的),weak, etc.[page]
例如:she likes to get involved in everything and know all the details.
她事事都愛管,而且喜歡打聽得詳詳細細。

( e ). be + adj. + of
afraid, ashamed, aware, born, capable, confident, conscious, critical(吹毛求疵的), doubtful, envious, expressive, fearful, fond, frightened, full, hopeful, ignorant(不知道的,沒注意的), independent, innocent(無辜的), jealous, proud, sensible(可覺察的), sure, symbolic, thoughtful(體貼的), uncertain, unconscious, etc.
例如:i was ignorant of the fact that the boss could be so strict.
我不知道老闆居然那樣嚴格。

( f ). be + adj. + to
eager , anxious, used/ accustomed(習慣的), acceptable(適合的), advantageous, anterior, agreeable(令人愉快的), applicable(適用的), attached(愛慕的,愛惜的), beneficial, committed(承擔義務的), comparable, contrary, convenient, devoted, disadvantageous, similar, equal, equivalent(等同的), essential, exposed, inclined, indifferent(漠然的), superior, inferior, junior, senior, prior, sensitive, liable(易於…的), opposed, opposite, parallel, peculiar(獨特的), polite, preferable(更好的), related(有關的), resistant, etc.
例如:physics is___ to the science which was called natural philosophy in history.
a) alike b) equivalent c) likely d) uniform
[答案]:b。
[譯文]:物理相當於在歷史上被稱為自然哲學的科學。
[分析]:be equivalent to與…相等,與…相當;alike彼此相似的,相同的,不用於名詞前,也不和介詞搭配;likely可能的,適合的,多和不定式to搭配;uniform相同的,一致的,同一的,均一的,不和介詞to 搭配,例如:the boxes are uniform in weight.這些箱子的重量都相同。

( g ). be + adj. + with
acquainted, associate, bored, angry, busy, concerned, comparable, consistent, correspondent, inconsistent, delighted, content, discontented, fed up, familiar, free, friendly, generous, identical, impressed, overcome, pleased, satisfied, troubled, wrong, etc.
例1:tony is very disappointed ___the results of the exam.
a) with b) for c) toward d) on [答案]:a。
[譯文]:托尼對考試結果很失望。
[分析]:be disappointed with對…感到失望(除with以外,後面還可跟介詞in,at或about)
例2:you should have been more patient___ that customer; i’m sure that selling him the watch was possibility.
a) of b) with c) for d) at
[答案]:b。 13
[譯文]:你但是要是對那位顧客更耐心些,我保證他就買這隻表了。
[分析]:be patient with somebody對某人有耐心;be patient of能忍受…

4.名詞+介詞
常見的名詞與介詞的搭配有:
( a ). n. + for
admiration, affection(感情), absence, appetite, blame(責備), care, contempt(輕視),cause, gift(天賦), desire(欲望), evidence, excuse(藉口), fancy(迷戀), explanation, love, necessity, match(對手), need, passion( 激情), plan, protection, preparation, preference(偏愛), relief(救濟), reputation, recovery, reason, responsibility, substitute(替代), solution, sympathy(同情), shelter, suggestion, selection, talent, taste, etc.
例如:he has a preference for coffee rather than tea.
他較喜歡咖啡而較不喜歡茶。

( b ). n. + in
belief(信念), hurry, confidence(自信), interest, participation(參與), lack, pleasure, pride, role(作用), delight, difficulty, error, skill, expression(表情), specialist, expert, trouble, faith(信仰), trust, improvement, etc.
例如:patients will lose faith in the doctor who conceals the true condition.
醫生隱瞞病情,患者回失去對他的信任。

( c ). n. + on
advice, attack, authority(權威), book, comment(評論), control, dependency(從屬), duty, expert, effort, emphasis, impression, independence, influence, information, lecture, mercy(憐憫), operation, opinion, outlook(觀點), report, reflection(思考,批評), research, pressure, programme, question, stress(強調), study, suggestion, theory, view, etc.
例如:she was lost in reflection on her future.
她為自己的未來而陷入沉思之中。

( d ). n. + to
access(進入,通路),approach(靠近), appeal(呼籲), assistance(幫助), approval, attribution(屬性), adherence(堅持), admission(允許進入), admittance, alternation(選擇), answer, danger, dedication(奉獻), devotion ,exposure, entrance(入口),invitation, introduction, immunity(免除,免疫力), incentive(刺激,激勵), hostility(敵意), key(答案,關鍵) limit, objection, opposition, point(要點), reference, response, solution, reflection(反省), relation, etc.[page]
例1:a ___to this problem is expected to be found before long.
a) result b) response c) settlement d) solution
[答案]:d。
[譯文]:希望很快能找到解決這個問題的方法。
[分析]:本題看似近義詞辨析題,實際上考查名詞和介詞搭配。solution常與to搭配,表示“…(問題)的解決方法”;response也可與to搭配,但表示“對…的回答或反應”,與題意不符;result結果,settlement解決,這兩個詞均常與of搭配,例如:the settlement of a dispute紛爭的解決。

例2:the doctor told penny that too much___ to the sun is bad for the skin.
a) exposure b) extension c) exhibition d) expansion
[答案]:a。
[譯文]:醫生告訴帕尼過分曝曬對皮膚有害。
[分析]:exposure to表示“曝露在…之下”,exposure to the sun即“曝曬”。

( f). n. + with
agreement (一致),alliance (聯盟),appointment (約會),combination , communication (通訊),company , concern , connection , (in) conversation , (in) cooperation (合作),(in)disagreement , friend , (in) harmony (協調),(fall in) love , interference (干涉),patience , talk ,trouble , etc.
例如:he was accused of interference with the order of the conference.
他因干擾大會秩序而遭指控。
注意: 其中一些名詞與介詞的搭配,與名詞相應的形容詞搭配有關。如:
aware of ? awareness of對…的知曉
absent from ? absence from不在場
angry at / about ?anger at / about對…生氣
anxious about / over?anxiety about / over對…焦慮
certain of / about ?certainty of / about對…肯定
curious about ?curiosity about對…好奇
different from ?difference from與…的區別
interested in ? interest in對…的興趣
obliged to ? obligation to
rely on ? reliance on對…的依靠;等等。

note:some parts selected from by tu yulan published in wuhan surveying and mapping university press.