as i didn't receive any letter from him, i gave him a call.
-> not receiving any letter from him, i gave him a call.
由於沒有收到他的信，我給他打了電話。
if more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
假如多給些照顧，那些樹會長得更好。
典型例題
1）_____ some officials, napoleon inspected his army.
a. followed b. followed by c. being followed d. having been followed
答案b. napoleon 與follow 之間有被動的含義。being followed除表達被動之外，還有動作正在進行之意。 followed by（被…跟隨）。本題可改為： with some officials following, napoleon inspected his army.
2）there was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
a. followed b. following c. to be followed d. being followed
答案b. 由於聲音在閃電後，因此為聲跟隨著光，聲音為跟隨的發出者，為主動。用現在分詞。
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
a. heating b. to be heated c. heated d. heat
答案c. 本題要選一分詞作為狀語。現在分詞表主動，正在進行的；過去分詞表被動的，已經完成的。對於液體來說是加熱的受動者，是被動的，因而選c。它相當於一個狀語從句 when it is heated，…
注意： 選擇現在分詞還是過去分詞，關鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是主句的主語發出，分詞就選用現在分詞，反之就用過去分詞。
(being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
由於用了很長時間，這本書看上去很舊。
using the book, i find it useful.