2023北京導遊詞考試 篇1
女士們、先生們：咱們今天下午的活動內容是逛胡同和參觀四合院。胡同和四合院是歷史上__X城的有機體，是組成社會的細胞，是老__X人休養生息、繁衍掙扎的地方，是__X城歷史演進的的有力見證。我們想真正地了解__X人的生活，就得鑽胡同，串四合院。
為了使大家遊覽中增加情趣，現在利用乘車的時間，向大家介紹一些有關胡同和四合院的知識。
(導遊員可利用適當的時間，向客人們總述或分段介紹下面的內容)
女士們、先生們，大家千萬不可小看__X的胡同和四合院，更不能把它們看成是僅供人們棲身住宿的地方，如果聽我稍加講解，就可發現，原來__X的胡同和四合院蘊藏著如此豐富的中華文化!我先介紹一些有關“胡同”的知識。
(胡同一詞的由來)
__X城內的胡同與繁華的大街比起來，確實有些不起眼，但是據專家們考證，明朝就有人對胡同進行研究了，至今已有了五六百年的研究史。胡同的寫法明朝與現在不同，是將“胡同”二字，分別夾在“行”字的中間，如明嘉靖三十九年(1560)出版的《京師五城坊巷吞[集》中的“吞[”二字，就是典型的早期文獻證明。明朝人對這種寫法非常得意，說胡和同是“胡人大同”的意思，從表面上看具有“少數民族團結”的，然而二字都夾在“行”字之間，就暗示著蒙古人(元朝統治者)早晚要走人的了。
歷代眾多的專家們曾從多角度對胡同一詞進行考證，有的從音韻學角度，有的從字形發展角度，有的從方言角度……最後較集中的成果認為胡同一詞原是蒙古語。本世紀40年代出版的《__X地名志》載，在蒙古，比村稍大的部落就叫胡同，也有專家說，胡同是蒙古語中“浩特”的音譯。浩特即城鎮，包括胡同。
原__X大學副校長張清常先生的考證是較有說服力的。他認為胡同是蒙古語“Hottog”的音譯，是水井的意思，有人譯作“霍多”或“忽洞”，現在__X仍有以此音命名的地方，如賽音忽洞(好井)、烏克忽洞(死井)、哈業忽洞(雙井)等。__X地區一向以水井為中心，分布居民。
(胡同一詞何時出現)
胡同一詞既然來源於蒙古語，那么蒙古人統治__X地區的元大都時期，這個詞有可能就出現了。果然，人們在元雜劇中發現了“胡同”一詞。元代大戲曲家王實甫的《歌舞麗春室》雜劇中，就有“恰便以錦胡同”的唱詞，在其他的元雜劇中也有類似發現，如“辭別了老母，俺串胡同去了”(《孟母三移》)、“我家住在磚塔胡同”(《沙門島張生煮海》)……戲中的磚塔胡同即現在西四丁字街南有座七級磚塔的那條胡同。
既然元代才出現胡同這個詞，而__X卻是一座具有3000多年歷史的古城，人們可能會問，元代以前，__X地區的街巷叫什麼呢?回答很簡單的，那時的__X地區是按古代傳下來的舊制，叫做街、巷、坊、里等。這一點從宣武區的地名中可得到證實。因為宣武區的歷史早於內城。換句話說是先有宣武區(古薊城)，後有內城區(元大都)，所以宣武區中現在叫胡同的地名相對要少，而以坊、巷、里、街等為地名的較多，如南橫街、白紙坊、華康里、清泉巷等。
(有因可循的胡同名稱)
一些外地朋友或外國客人對__X五花八門的胡同名稱表示不可思議，耳朵眼、椅子背、豆芽菜、象鼻子坑、燜葫蘆罐、石老娘、王寡婦、大腳、臭皮等，都是胡同名，令人不得要領，不如其他的大城市，如__X、天津等，用地名或事件作為該市地名，或稱道，或稱路，讓人一目了然。其實__X的地名也是有其內在聯繫的，只是沒引起人們的注意罷了。如果稍加分析，不難發現，__X的這些地名都與人們的生活或社會現象有關。之所以人們覺得它們如此五花八門、雜亂無章，主要是因為這些名稱出現的時間有先後，社會現象複雜造成的。總的來說，__X的這些胡同名稱是自然形成的，並非出於行政命令，統一規劃，而且是源於生活。
2023北京導遊詞考試 篇2
北京作為中國的七大古都之一，文物古蹟隨處可見，是全球擁有世界遺產(6處)最多的城市;景物數量也為全國之最，對外開放的旅遊景物達200多處，有世界上最大的皇宮紫禁城、祭天神廟天壇、皇家花園北海、皇家園林頤和園，還有八達嶺長城、慕田峪長城以及世界上最大的四合院恭王府等名勝古蹟。
北京的景觀涵蓋了歷史，文化，自然，藝術等各個領域，幾乎每個區縣都有旅遊熱點，其中三環以內是北京的老城區，人文景觀大部分都分布在這裡;環繞四周的區縣則主要為自然風光，其中，北邊的延慶，懷柔，密雲有舉世聞名的長城，西邊的海淀，昌平，門頭溝，房山則多山林峽谷。
北京,是中國六朝古都,歷史源遠流長,保存著較為完整的古代建築格局。北京,是中華人民共和國的首都,簡稱京,是中國的政治、文化和國際交往的中心,由此北京有著豐富多彩的古代、現代的人文景觀,有著博大精深的文化底蘊。
北京全市面積16807.8平方公里,在北面有軍都山,西面有西山,與河北交界的東靈山海拔2303米是北京市的最高峰。境內有密雲水庫、懷柔水庫和十三陵水庫;其他還有潮白河、北運河、永定河、拒馬河和湯河五大河。
北京的氣候屬於溫帶大陸性季風性氣候,季節分明:春季略有風沙,氣溫偏低。夏季炎熱,有陣雨。秋季天氣晴朗、溫和,天高氣爽,是旅遊的黃金季節;但深秋早晚較涼,中午較熱。冬季氣候乾燥、寒冷,雪較少。
來北京觀光旅遊不能錯過具有北京特色的風味小吃和悠久歷史的名吃。名吃有北京烤鴨、涮羊肉、宮廷菜。
北京的特產有:王麻子刀剪、安宮牛黃丸、秋梨膏、果脯蜜餞、茯苓夾餅、六必居醬菜。土產有:京白梨、蓋柿、良鄉板栗、山楂、核桃、密雲小棗、杏。
2023北京導遊詞考試 篇3
Tian’anmen( the Gate of Heavenly Peace), is located in the center ofBeijing. It was first built in 1417 and named Chengtianmen( the Gate of HeavenlySuccession). At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was seriously damaged by war.When it was rebuilt under the Qing in 1651, it was renamed Tian’anmen, andserved as the main entrance to the Imperial City, the administrative andresidential quarters for court officials and retainers. The southern sections ofthe Imperial City wall still stand on both sides of the Gate. The tower at thetop of the gate is nine-room wide and five –room deep. According to the Book ofChanges, the two numbers nine and five, when combined, symbolize the supremestatus of a sovereign.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Tian’anmen was the place where stateceremonies took place. The most important one of them was the issuing ofimperial edicts, which followed these steps:
1) The Minister of Rites would receive the edict in Taihedian( Hall ofSupreme Harmony), where the Emperor was holding his court. The minister wouldthen carry the decree on a yunpan( tray of cloud), and withdraw from the hallvia Taihemen( Gate of supreme Harmony)
2) The Minister would put the tray in a miniature longting( dragonpavilion). Beneath a yellow umbrella and carry it via Wumen( Meridian Gate), toTian’anmen Gate tower.
3) A courtier would be invested to proclaim the edict. The civil andmilitary officials lining both sides of the gateway beneath the tower wouldprostrate themselves in the direction of the emperor in waiting for the decreeto the proclaimed.
4) The courtier would then put the edict in a phoenix-shaped wooden box andlower it from the tower by means of a silk cord. The document would finally becarried in a similar tray of cloud under a yellow umbrella to the Ministry ofRites.
5) The edict, copied on yellow paper, would be made known to the wholecountry.
Such a process was historically recorded as “ Imperial Edict Issued byGolden Phoenix”.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties Tian’anmen was the most importantpassage. It was this gate that the Emperor and his retinue would go through ontheir way to the altars for ritual and religious activities.
On the Westside of Tian’anmen stands ZhongshanPark( Dr. Sun Yat-sen’sPark), and on the east side, the Working People’s Cultural Palave. The Park wasformerly called Shejitan( Altar of Land and Grain), built in 1420 for offeringsacrificial items to the God of Land. It was opened to the public as a park in1914 and its name was changed in 1928 to the present one in memory of the greatpioneer of the Chinese Democratic Revolution.
The Working People’s Cultural Palace used to be Taimiao( the SupremeAncestral Temple), where tablets of the deceased dynastic rulers were kept.
The stream in front of Tian’anmen is called Waijinshuihe( Outer GoldenRiver),with seven marble bridges spanning over it . Of these sevenbridges,historical records say the middle one was for the exclusive use of theemperor and was accordingly called Yuluqiao( Imperial Bridge). The bridgesflanking it on either side were meant for the members of the royal family andwere therefore called Wanggongqiao( Royal’s Bridges). Farther away on each sideof the two were bridges for officials ranking above the third order and werenamed Pinjiqiao( ministerial Bridges). The remaining two bridges were for theuse by the retinue below the third order and wre called Gongshengqiao( commonBridges). They anr the one in front of the Supreme Ancestral Temple to the eastand the one in front of the Altar of land and Grain to the west.
The two stone lions by the Gate of Tian’anmen, one on each side were meantas sentries. They gaze toward the middle axis, guarding the emperor’s walkway.In front of the gate stands a pair of marble columns called Huabiao. They areelaborately cut in bas-relief following the pattern of a legendary dragon.Behind the gate stands another pair of similar columns. The story of Huabiao maybe traced to a couple of sources. One of the versions accredits its invention toone of the Chinese sage kings named Yao, who was said to have set up a woodenpillar in order to allow the ordinary people to expose evil-doers, hence it wasoriginally called a slander pillar. Later it ws reduced to a signpost, and nowit serves as an ornament.
The beast sitting on the top of the column is called” hou”, a legendaryanimal, which is said to have been a watcher of an emperor’s behaviour. He wasdoing such duties as warning the emperor against staying too long outside thepalace or indulging in pleasure and urging him to go to the people for theircomplaints or return in due time. Therefore, the two pairs of beasts were giventhe names” Wangjunhui”( Expecting the emperor’s coming back) and “ wangjunchu”(Expecting the emperor’s going out) respectinvely.
In the old days, Tian’anmen, as a part of the Imperial City, was meant forimportant occasions. The two rows of chaofang( antechamber), on the sides behindthe main gate, wre reserved for civil and military members of the governmentwaiting for imperial audience and in front of the gate, were offices of imperialadministration.
On October 1, 1949, chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed on Tian’anmen Rostrumthe founding of the People’s Republic of China. Since then Tian’anmen has beenthe symbol of New Chine\a. Chairman Mao’s portrait is hung above the centralentrance, flanked by two slogans:” Long Live the Great Unity of the Peoples ofthe World”. Today , the splendour of Tian’anmen attracts million of visitorsfrom all over the world. The Rostrum on its top was opened in 1988 to the publicfor the first time in its history. It offers a panoramic view of the Square andthe city proper.
Tian’anmen Square
Situated due south of Tian’anmen, the Square has an area of 44 hectares(109 acres) that can accommodate as many as one million people for publicgatherings. It has witnessed may historical events in China’s modern history andis a place for celebrations on such festive days as international Labour Day onMay 1st and national Day on October 1st.
Around the Square are several famous buildings:
1 The Great Hall of the People
This is one of the largest congressional buildings in the world. Built in1959, the hall consists of three parts: a 10,000-seat auditorium in the center,a banquet hall in the north wing facing Chang’an Street, with a seating capacityof 5,000, and offices for the Standing Committee of the National Peoples’Congress of China in the south. In addition, thirty-four reception chambers arenamed after various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directlyunde the Central Government, plus Hong Kong and Macao. Each is different fromthe other in decoration and furnishings to stress their local features.
2 The Museum of Chinese History and the Museum of the ChineseRevolution
These two museums were also built in 1959. the museum of Chinese Historyhouses a permanent exhibition in four parts, covering the entire process ofChinese history spanning from 1.7 million years ago to 1919:
1) The Primitive Society( 1.7 million years ago to the 21st centuryBC);
2) The Slave Society(21st century BC to 476 BC.);
3) The Feudal Society(475 BC. To 1840 AD.);
4) The Semi-Colonial and Semi- Fedual Society(1840 to 1919.)
The Museum of the Chinese Revolution covers the period from 1919 to1949.
3 The Monument to the People’s Heroes
the monument was built in memory of thousands of martyrs who died for therevolutionary cause of the Chinese people. Its construction began on August 1,1952 and was not completed until 1958. in the form of an obelisk, the Monumentas made of more than 17,000 pieces of tranite and white marble. The purple pieceinlaid in the front of the Monument was brought from Qingdao, Shandong Province.It is 38 meters(124ft 8 in) high, the loftiest of its kind ever seen in thecountry. Not only is it an historic memorial for immortal heroes, but also it isan artistic work of excellent architectural value.
On the front side of the Monument is an engraved inscription in Chinesecharacters written by Chairman Mao Zedong, which reads” Eternal Glory to thePeople’s Heroes!”. On the back of the Monument is an article written by ChairmanMao, but in Chinese calligraphy by the late Premier Zhou Enlai.
At the top of the Monument are eight gigantic carved wreathes of suchflowers as peony, lotus and chrysanthemum, symbolizing nobility, purity, andfortitude. At the base of the monument are eight marble reliefs depicting theChinese historic events since 1840. They are:
1) The Burning of Opium in 1840:
2) The uprising of 1851 in Jintian, Guangxi;
3) The Revolution of 1911;
4) The May Fourth Movement of 1919;
5) The May 30th Movement of 1925;
6) The Uprising of 1927 in Nanchang, Jiangxi;
7) The War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression from 1937 to 1945;
8) The Victorious Crossing over the Yangtze River by the Peoples’sLiberation Army in 1949. This relief is flanked by two smaller ones—“ Supplyingthe Front” and “ Greeting the P.L.A.”.
4 Chairman Mao’s Mausoleum
Chairman Mao Zedong, the founder of the People’s Pepublic of China, passedaway on Sepember 9, 1976. In commemoration of this great man, a mausoleum beganto be constructed in November 1976, and was completes in August the followingyear. The Mausoleum was officially opened on September 9, 1977.