2008聯考英語必會辭彙精講系列-M

本講是以字母i開始的近義詞組辨析

1、if only, only if

由這兩個詞組引導的條件從句雖然都可以用來表示主句所需要的 "條件",但是兩者在表示說話人的語義意圖方面卻有差異。1. only if 引起的條件狀語從句,是一個對“條件”限制更嚴的“限制性條件狀語從句”,表示“只有...(才);只有在...的時候,唯一的條件是...”的意思;與if引起的一般條件句相比,它有一種增強主句語勢的作用。例如:he will succeed only if he does his best.他只有盡力而為才能成功。i'll come only if you really need me.只有當你真正需要我的時候,我才來。only if the case is urgent should you call out the doctor in the middle of the night.只有患者情況緊急時,你才可以在半夜叫醫生看病。

if only引導的條件句,通常用來表示說話人對某事所寄予的某種強烈願望,相當於as long as。它可以獨立使用,用來表示由於客觀條件限制,為某事不大可能或完全不可能實現而感到惋惜或遺憾的複雜心情,常用虛擬語氣。例如:if only i were as clever as you!要是我像你一樣聰明該多好啊!if only you had not told tom what i said, everything would have been all right. 要是你沒有把我的話告訴湯姆就好了,那樣就不會出什麼問題了。it is hard to avoid mistakes; if only they are conscientiously corrected, it will be all right.錯誤總是難免的,只要認真地改正,也就好了。

2、if, whether

這兩個詞都是指“是否”,用來表示猶豫不定,引出包含正反兩面的疑問。

1).一般情況下兩者可以替換使用,但whether顯得正式一些。例如:i am not sure if/ whether the sports meet will be held tomorrow. 我不知道明天是否會舉行運動會。

2).但在引導表語從句,同位語從句,在不定式之前,介詞之後及句首時,只能用whether。如:the question is whether it is worth doing.問題是這樣做是否值得。we had no idea whether he had gone without jane.我們不知道他有沒有帶著簡一起走。he doesn't know whether to accept the offer or not.他不知道該不該接受幫助。it depends on whether we have enough time to do it. 這取決於我們是否有足夠的時間去做這件事。whether he comes or not doesn't concern me.他來不來與我無關。

需注意,當if置於句首時,只能引導狀語從句,表示“假如”,不能引導名詞性從句。

3).倘若引導的是一個選擇疑問句,則以用whether更為妥當。若要用if引導的話,if和or not中間必須有詞語隔開,不能連寫。如可以說 i wonder whether/ if he has come or not. 不可以說 i don't care if or not your car breaks down, 而須將if改成whether。

4).有時用if可能會產生歧義,如tell me if you want the book.可有兩種解釋:“假如你需要這本書,請告訴我”,或“請告訴我你是否要這本書”。若用whether的話,則只能作第二種解釋。

3、in addition, in addition to

這兩個詞組都可表示“除了,此外,另,又,還”等意思,用來表示兩個事物或動作之間的增補關係。但兩者的語法功能和用法不同。

1)in addition是一介詞短語,作副詞用,相當於詞組as well,其後不能跟名詞或其他任何成分,一般位於兩個句子中間或位於句末。位於兩句中時,常用一逗號與句子隔開。例如:there are many shops around the railway station. in addition, there are some newly-built hotelsthere.火車站附近有很多商店,此外,還有一些新建的旅館。aunt mary gave us sandwiches for our picnic and a bag of cookies in addition. 瑪麗舅母為我們去郊遊準備了三明治,另外還準備了一袋甜餅。

2) in addition to是一短語介詞,其後接名詞或代詞等作其賓語,意義大體相當as well as和 besides。如:in addition to english, he has to study a second foreign language. 除了英語以外,他還必須學習第二外語。they have one hour to read newspapers in addition to their ordinary work. 除了日常工作以外,他們有一小時讀報的時間。

4、ill, sick這兩個形容詞都有“生病的,身體不適”的意思。

ill作上述解釋時,通常在句中作表語或補語,不作定語,它的後面可接with和from表示原因。若ill 作“壞的,惡劣的,邪惡的”解時,只能作定語。如:he has long been ill with high fever.他一直在發高燒。that ill woman killed her own daughter.那個壞女人殺了自己的女兒。she became ill from anxiety.她由於焦慮而病倒了。

sick和ill一樣,可在句中充當表語或補語,但它還能作定語,保持原意義不變。它作表語或補語時,另有“嘔吐,噁心”的意思。sick後可用with表示原因,用for表示“渴望”,用of表示“厭倦,厭惡”等。如:she got 500 yuan a month for looking after the sick man. (此處的sick不能用ill代替。)她照顧這個病人每月可賺五百元。my daughter was sick with a cold.我的女兒是因感冒而病的。he began to feel sick as soon as the ship started to move.船一啟航,他就開始暈船了。the little girl is obviously sick for home.很明顯,這個小女孩想家了。i am sick of his bad manners.他的不良舉止真讓我厭惡。the old man was sick of life, and wished he were dead.那個老人對生活感到厭倦,真想死了算了。

5、intend, mean, propose這組詞都有“打算,有心做某事”之意。

intend:“打算,有...意向,意欲”,指經過考慮後打定主意要做某事或獲得某物,常帶有堅定的決心。常跟不定式及其複合結構,常用短語:intend for 打算送給/供...使用;intend...as...打算...he explained to her at length what he intend to do in the following week. 他詳細地向她解釋了下周打算做什麼。having always been musical from an early age, the singer seems to have been intended for theconcert stage.那位歌手有音樂天賦,好像生來就是為了登台演唱的。

mean:“打算,想像,有...意圖”,不如intend正式,強調心裡想做的意思,但不強調決心,短語:mean...for 準備讓...做...everyone believed that it'll be a very suitable match because john and julia were obviously meant for each other.每個人都認為他們的結合會很般配,因為約翰和朱利亞顯然是天生的一對。he shouldn't have done it, of course, but he was thoughtless. and he meant to pay the money back.當然,他本來不該那么做,但他考慮不周到,再說他是打算還錢的。

propose:“打算,建議”,指宣布或明確確定某人的意圖,含有公開宣稱或清楚這一意圖之意。可接名詞,動名詞,不定式及從句。summarizing the year'swork, the managing director in the company proposed a greater project of the next year.公司的總經理總結了一年的工作,提出了下年度更大的工程計畫。generally speaking, what's reached in the end may be better or worse than what was proposed.一般來說,最終所達到效果總要比計畫的好或差。

6、in advance, in advance of

in advance是介詞短語,在句中作副詞用,作方式狀語,表示“事先,預先,提前”等意。例如:it is desirable that we should read descriptions of particular instruments in advance.我們最好是事先閱讀特殊儀器的說明。the iron mine fulfilled the state production plan one month in advance.這個鐵礦提前一個月完成了國家生產計畫。

in advance of是一短語介詞,後接名詞或代詞作賓語,表示“在...前面,超越”等意。例如:in the parade, the band will march in advance of the football team. 遊行中,樂隊將走在足球隊的前面。galileo's ideas were in advance of the age in which he lived. 伽利略的想法超越了他所生活的時代。 

7、in case, in case of, in the case of

in case主要有兩種用法:1).用作複合從屬連詞,引導一個條件狀語從句和表示否定意義的目的狀語從句,表示“萬一,倘若,如果”和“免得,以防”的意思;2).作副詞用,在句中充當狀語,常位於句末,通常我們可以說just in case,意為“以防萬一,為了提防”。例如:you'd better take your umbrella, in case it rains. 你最好帶上傘,以防萬一下起雨來。it may rain, you'd better take an umbrella just in case. 可能會下雨,你最好拿把傘,以防下雨。the bus is usually on time, but start early, just in case. 這輛公共汽車一般是準時的,但是要早點動身,以防萬一。

in case of 是一短語介詞,後接名詞或代詞作賓語,位於句首時,一般表示條件,意為“假使,萬一,如果”。位於句末時,一般表示目的,表示“以防”的意思。例如:in case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 萬一失火的話,請按警鈴。the wall was built along the river in case of floods. 該牆沿河而建,以防水災。

in the case of 也是一短語介詞,後可接名詞,代詞或動名詞作賓語,意思是“對於,就……來說,至於……”。例如:poverty depresses most people; in the case of my father it was otherwise.貧窮使大多數人垂頭喪氣,至於我父親,卻不一樣。in the case of learning english, we must practise a lot.就學習英語來說,我們必須大量練習。

8、in a word, in word, in words

in a word 為“總而言之,簡而言之”用來表示總結歸納,與in short, in brief意思相同。該結構中的a也可用one代替。例如:his condition is, in a word, becoming worse.他的狀況,簡而言之,越來越差。lily is clever, polite and well-behaved. in a word, she is worth praising. 莉莉聰明又懂禮貌,總而言之,值得表揚。

in word為“口頭上”,指以口頭的形式表示,而並非落實在行動上。它與in deed(行動上)相對。例如:he is a friend in word only.他只是一個普通朋友。i don't want you simply to promise me in word that you will be good. 我不想你只是在口頭上答應你會好好乾。

in words為“用語言”,指用口頭或書面語言的形式表示及描述,它不和行動相對,僅涉及語言文字本身。如:he never expressed his idea in words.他從來不說出自己的想法。the little boy can describe the beauty of the scene in words. 這個小男孩能用語言描述美麗的景色。

9、in charge, in charge of, in the charge of

in charge是一用作表語或後置定語的介詞短語,意為“負責,看管”。句子的主語一般應是表示人的名詞或代詞,charge可以有形容詞修飾。例如:john was in complete charge while the manager was on holiday. 約翰在經理度假時負全責。the person in overall charge was jones. 總負責人是瓊斯。

in charge of和in the charge of都是屬於短語介詞,其後都接名詞或代詞作賓語。它們雖然只有冠詞之差,但意義卻有差異。in charge of表示“管理,看管”的主動意義,因此,句子的主語往往是人。

in the charge of 表示“被... 管理,在...管理之下”的被動意義,句子的主語一般是物,在使用過程中,也可用in one's charge形式。例如:he will be in charge of that work for the time being. 他將暫時負責那項工作。an experienced worker is in charge of the project. 一位經驗豐富的工人負責這項工程。the documents are in the charge of comrade lee. 檔案由李同志保管。

10、in favour, in favour of

in favour是一介詞短語,在句中作表語或名詞後置修飾語,意為“受賞識的;受歡迎的”,有被動的含義。例如:that child is clearly in favour ; she had been given an extra biscuit. 那個小孩顯然很受寵愛,她多得了一塊餅乾。the delegation is in favour.代表團受到了歡迎。

in favour of是一短語介詞,其後接名詞或代詞作其賓語,構成介詞短語。在句中作表語或名詞後置修飾語,表示“贊成,支持”和“有利於...”等意。作後種意義時,該詞組可以呈in someone's favour形式。例如:the majority of people are in favour of the proposed legislation. 大多數人贊成已提出來的立法。those in favour of the new plans put up your hands please. 那些贊成新計畫的人請舉手。the evidence seems to be in favour of the defendant. 證據看來對被告有利。the exchange rate is in our favour. 兌換率對我們有利。

11、in one's mind, on one's mind

in one's mind用於表示“想著,考慮”的場合,所想著的事情不帶有沉重和焦慮的含義。on one's mind用於表示“惦記,操心,焦慮”的場合,表示心中想的是重要的,嚴肅的或是不愉快的事情。例如:i wonder what s in her mind. 我想知道她在想些什麼。i turned the question over in my mind. 我反覆考慮了這個問題。she has something important on her mind. 她有重要的事情惦記著。there are too many problems on his mind. 他心事重重。

12、in time, on time

in time有兩個意思,既可表示“及時”,後常接for引起的介詞短語,表示目的;還可表示“最終”的意思。例如:preventive measures were taken in time with good results. 及時採取預防措施收到了良好的效果。i was just in time for the steamer. 我正好趕上輪船。the candle-light will in time go out of itself. 燭火終會熄滅的。you will learn how to do it in time. 你最終會學會怎樣幹這件事的。

on time表示“準時,按時”的意思,in time也有這一種意思,但不常見。此外,在美國英語中,它還表示“以分期付款方式”之意。例如:all the guests were on time at the meeting. 所有來賓都準時出席了會議。in spite of our late start, we managed to arrive on time. 儘管我們動身晚,我們還是設法準時到了。the more expensive items are usually bought on time. 比較昂貴的商品常以分期付款的形式購買。