1.在英語中，do, have, make, take這四個動詞，加上名詞作賓語（名詞前可有形容詞）構成詞組，可以表達許多不同含義，其意義相當於在名詞前加上一個相關動詞，現分述如下：
(1)do+名詞e.g. mary has done (=has written) an article. 瑪麗寫了一篇文章。
he will do(=draw) a large portrait of ren changxia.他要為任長霞畫一幅大畫像。
do computer study=study computer
do the room=clean the room
do the dishes=wash the dishes
do one’s hair=comb one’s hair
do one’s teeth=brush one’s teeth
do the fish=cook the fish
do the puzzle=work out the puzzle
do science=study science
do a comedy=act a comedy
do a concert=hear a concert
do the tower=visit the tower
do japan=visit japan
do 20 miles=travel 20 miles
do one’s guests well=serve one’s guests well
有時賓語也可用doing,並在doing前加some。
do some reading=read some books, read some pages
do some studying=study something
do some walking=walk for some time
還有do most of the talking, do some morning shopping等。
(2)have+名詞 e.g. we had a long talk(=talked for a long time) last sunday. 上星期天我們進行了一次長談。
they’re having a rest(=resting). 他們在休息。
此類結構常見的還有：have a chat, have a look at…,have a drink, have an interview, have a smoke, have a fight, have a bath, have a dream
名詞前可有修飾成分，如have no respect, have no wish, have some good laughs, have one more try等。
有時意義上等於在名詞前加上一個相關的動詞，如：
have a lesson (class)上一節課
have an x-ray進行x光檢查
have a great success取得很大成功
have a small accident出了小事故
have a headache(a flu, cold)得頭疼病（流感，感冒）
have a baby生孩子
have one’s advice聽從某人的建議
have a telegram收到一封電報
have an answer有了答案
(3)make+名詞（相當於名詞的動詞含義）
e.g. the police made an examination in her room. 警察檢查了她的房間。
the teacher made a clear explanation. 老師清楚地作了解釋。
we made a comparison of the two articles. 我們把這兩篇文章作了比較。
make an attempt=attempt make a suggest=suggest
還有make a visit參觀，make a long stay住了很長時間，make another start又重新開始了，make preparations作準備，make arrangements作安排，make decisions作決定，make a choice作選擇，make a map畫一張地圖，make tea沏茶，make an expression留下印象
（4）take+名詞（相當於名詞相應的動詞）
e.g. he took a look at(=look at) this book. 他看了一下這本書。
i want to take a nap(=nap). 我想午休一會兒。
這類詞組還有：
take a bath 洗澡
take a walk散步
take exercise進行鍛鍊
take an action採取行動
take an examination進行考試，進行檢查
take a trip旅行
take a vacation度假
相當於“吃，喝，吸（入）”，如：
take the food, take pills, take medicine, take tea (coffee),take a glass of beer, take sugar, take a breath of fresh air,還有：take a taxi(bus, train…)坐計程車（公共汽車，火車……）
take a room要一個房間，租用一個房間
take one’s advice接受……的建議
take a job承擔一項工作
take one’s degree接受……學位
take chemistry選學化學
2.with的一種用法
with之後可以加一個抽象名詞，構成名詞短語，作用相當於這一名詞相對應的副詞。
e.g. he looked at her with respect(=respectfully). 他恭敬地看著她。
she told tom the story with a smile(=smilingly). 她微笑著給湯姆講了個故事。
he accepted the invitation with pleasure(=pleasurably). 他愉快地接受了邀請。
這類詞組常見的還有：
with calmness=calmly冷靜地
with curiosity=curiously好奇地
with surprise=surprisingly驚奇地
with ease=easily輕易地
with difficulty 艱難地
with amazement驚奇地
with sympathy同情地
with disapproval不滿地
with fear害怕地
with delight (joy)高興地
with envy妒忌地
with anger生氣地
with efficiency有效地
with one accord voice異口同聲地
with tears in one’s eyes含淚地
in+名詞也可以這樣用。例如：
“how did you come here?”he asked in surprise(=surprisingly).“你是怎么到這兒的？”他驚奇地問。
jack shut his eyes in fear(fearfully). 傑克害怕得閉上了眼睛。
his sister stared at him in amazement(=amazingly). 他的妹妹驚奇地看著他。
he came home in high cheerfulness(=cheerfully). 他興高采烈地回了家。
常見的這類詞組還有：
in terror害怕地
in astonishment驚奇地
in anxiety焦急地
in amazement驚奇地
in confusion大惑不解地
in alarm驚慌地
in curiosity好奇地
in great happiness非常愉快地
in a hurry急忙地
in a low voice低聲地
in hatred and despair滿懷仇恨和絕望地
in earnest 認真地[page]
ⅲ.同義詞語辨析
1.murder, kill, massacre
(1)murder是“謀殺，殺害”的意思。英語意思是to kill unlawfully, especially on purpose。
e.g. the bandits murdered the man for his money. 歹徒為了謀取他的錢而殺害了他。
every two hours someone was murdered. 每兩個小時就有一人被謀殺。
(2)kill用於因兇器或在非常事故中死亡的場合。英語的意思是cause to die。
e.g. his father was killed in a railway accident. 他父親在一次火車事故中身亡。
only a few people were killed in the earthquake. 地震中只有少數人死亡。
he killed him with a spear. 他用矛刺死了他。
kill還可作“使……難受之極，使……極其尷尬，使失去，消磨（時間）”解。
e.g. my back killed me. 我的背非常難受。
it killed him to admit he is wrong. 承認他錯了使他感到極為尷尬。
the joy killed the audience. 這個玩笑讓觀眾笑得要死。
the train was late, so we killed time by playing cards. 火車晚點了，我們就打牌消磨時間。
（3）massacre“大屠殺”，英語意思是to kill a number of people without mercy。
e.g. when the soldiers captured the town, they massacred all the inhabitants. 當敵兵占領這座城市後，他們屠殺了城裡的所有居民。
另外，表示“為……而獻出生命”的同義詞組有：
devote one’s life to…
dedicate one’s life to…
give one’s life for…
lay down one’s life for…
lose one’s life for…
另外還有一些詞組可以用來表示“死”，但此用法較委婉：
(sb.) pass away; one’s heart stop beating forever;
(sb.) sleep peacefully; those who have fallen;
(sth.) cost sb. his life; sb.is dead and gone;
(sb.) be in heaven for some time
2.ask for, require, demand
(1)ask for指要求得到具體的物質的東西，普通用詞。也可用ask sb.to do sth.表示“要求某人做某事”，語氣較客氣。
e.g. he asked for some money. 他讓了一些錢。
he asked his mother to wake him at six in the morning. 他讓他母親早上六點叫醒他。
i asked that i (should be) was allowed to see her. 我請求允許我看望她。
(2)require“要求，有必要”,語氣不如demand強，一般強調從需要、規章、慣例出發，要求別人做某事，含有客觀上必要的，缺此不可的性質。
e.g. he has done all that was required of him. 凡需要他做的他都做了。
how many days will be required to finish this work? 完成這項工作需要多少天？
(3)demand“要求，需要”,指堅持要得到某物或堅持要做某事，用於人時，通常表示提出要求的一方認為他們有權這樣做，語氣較強烈，有時帶有強制的意味；用於物時，指一般的“需要”，這時可和require, want, need等詞互換。
e.g. the iraqi people demanded that the usa soldiers should get out of iraq.
伊拉克人要求美國兵從伊拉克撤退。
all his life he believed that it was right and necessary to demand changes in society if people did not have their civil rights. 整個一生他都認為如果人民沒有權利的話，要求社會變革是正確的，而且是必要的。
the work demands(=requires, wants, needs, etc,) great skill. 這個工作需要熟練的技巧。
ⅳ.能力訓練
1.同義句轉換
他們把黑人作為奴隸對待。
（1）they ______ blacks as slaves.
（2）they ______ blacks as slaves.
（3）they ______ blacks as slaves.
（4）they ______ blacks as slaves.
（5）they ______ ______blacks as slaves.
（6）they ______ blacks as slaves.
（7）they ______ blacks ______ ______ slaves.
答案：(1)treated (2)took (3)regarded (4)had (5)looked on (6)considered (7)considered; to be