分詞作定語
分詞前置
we can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日
he is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分詞後置 (i分詞詞組；ii 個別分詞如given, left； iii 修飾不定代詞 something等)
there was a girl sitting there. 有個女孩坐在那裡
this is the question given. 這是所給的問題
there is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西
過去分詞作定語
與其修飾的詞是被動關係，相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
most of the artists invited to the party were from south africa.
典型例題
1) the first textbook ___ for teaching english as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
a. have written b. to be written c. being written d. written
答案d. 書與寫作是被動關係，套用過去分詞做定語表被動，相當於定語從句 which is written
2）what's the language ____ in germany?
a. speakingb. spoken c. be spokend. to speak
答案b. 主語language與謂語動詞之間有被動的含義。
spoken是動詞speak的過去分詞形式，在句中作定語，修飾主語language, spoken 與 language有被動關係。該句可以理解為：
what's the language (which is) spoken in german?