語法重點之二:虛擬語氣

第一部分:語氣的定義和種類

1 語氣(mood)

語氣是動詞的一種形式,表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態度。

2 語氣的種類

⑴、陳述語氣:表示動作或狀態是現實的、確定的或符合事實的,用於陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如:

①there are two sides to every question.每個問題都有兩個方面。
②were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙嗎?
③how good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老師啊!

⑵、祈使語氣:表示說話人對對方的請求或命令。如:

①never be late again!再也不要遲到了。
②don’t forget to turn off the light.別忘了關燈。

⑶、虛擬語氣:表示動作或狀態不是客觀存在的事實,而是說話人的主觀願望、假設或推測等。如:

①if i were a bird, i could fly in the air.如果我是一隻小鳥,我就能在空中飛行。
②i wish i could pass the examination.我希望我能通過考試。
③may you succeed!祝您成功!

虛擬語氣在語法裡算得上是個難點。讓我們就從最簡單的開始吧。


第二部分:簡單句中的虛擬語氣

一、情態動詞的過去式用於現在時態時,表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語氣,常用於日常會話中。如:

⑴.would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?請你告訴我去郵局的路好嗎?
⑵.it would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好別熬夜到很晚。

二、表祝願。

1、常用“may+動詞原形”表示祝願,但願,此時may須置於句首(多用於正式文體中)。

⑴、may good luck be yours!祝你好運!
⑵、may you be happy!祝你快樂!
⑶、may you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!
⑷、may you have a good time. 祝願你玩的痛快。
⑸、may the friendship between us last long. 祝願我們的友情天長地久。
⑹、may you be happy. (注意那個be ) 祝你幸福。

2、用動詞原形。例如:

(1).long live the people! 人民萬歲!
(2).“god bless you,”said the priest.牧師說:“願上帝保佑你!”
(3).have a good journey! 祝願你旅途愉快!

三、表示強烈願望。(該類型虛擬語氣謂語僅用動詞原形,第三人稱單數也不加“s”)

(1).god save me.
(2).heaven help us.

四、表命令

1.命令虛擬語氣只能用在第二人稱(you),而且通常省略主語(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感嘆號:!
3.虛擬語氣動詞用一般現在時態(simple present),如:work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令語氣,可用助動詞do,加上not。

(1). work !
(2). work harder !
(3). be more alert ! (虛擬語氣動詞be)
(4). you go out !
(5). do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虛擬語氣)
(6). don’t be afraid. (口語中常用don’t 代替do not)

五、在一些習慣表達中。如:

(1).you’d better set off now.你最好現在就出發。
(2).i’d rather not tell you the secret.我情願不告訴你這個秘密。

第三部分:複合句中的虛擬語氣

一、虛擬條件句

虛擬條件句就是對現實條件的一種虛擬假設,所假設的條件一般不符合事實或與事實相反或在現實中發生的可能性極小。根據時間的不同,虛擬條件句可分為三種,即與現在事實相反的虛擬條件句、與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句及與將來事實相反的虛擬條件句。例句:

1.表示與現在事實相反

if i had enough money now , i would lend it to you.
if i were you , i would go to tell him the real feeling upon him.

2.表示與過去事實相反

if he had taken your advice , he wouldn‘t have made such a bad mistake.
she would have come to enjoy the party if she hadn‘t been very busy.

3.表示與將來事實相反

i would go shopping with you if it were to be sunday tomorrow.
if he were to be given another chance to do it again, he could certainly achieve more.

1.虛擬條件句的倒裝

在虛擬條件句中,為了強調所假設條件的虛擬性,或突出說話人的一種主觀願望,虛擬條件句可用倒裝結構。虛擬條件句的倒裝是通過去掉if,把條件從句謂語中的助動詞、情態動詞或系動詞放在句首實現的。例如:

had i been(= if i had been ) in that situation, i would not have let the thief escape away with so much money.

should there be (= if there should be) a drought, what should we do at that time ?

2.錯綜時間條件句

有時條件從句的動作和主句的動作發生的時間並不一致,這時謂語動詞的形式應根據它所要表示的具體時間來決定。例如:

if we hadn‘t been working hard in the past few years , things wouldn’t be going so smoothly.
if the party hadn ‘t led the chinese people to liberate the country,chinese people would still live a life in pain and poverty.

3.含蓄條件句

有時假設的情況並不以條件從句的形式表現出來,而是通過某個介詞或介詞短語(如:with, otherwise, without, but for, in that position )、上下文或其它方式表現出來。這種句子稱為含蓄條件句。例如:

but for the help from you , i would not have had the chance to go to college.
i would never mind you making such loud noises, but, you see, my baby is in a deep sleep.
it was so quiet ; you could have heard a pin drop.

二、虛擬語氣在某些從句中的運用

在某些詞或短語後接的從句中要使用虛擬語氣,表示願望、建議或命令等。根據虛擬語氣的形式不同,虛擬語氣可以分為“should類”和“過去時態類”。

(一)should類

這一類的虛擬語氣是通過從句中的謂語動詞使用“should +動詞原形”體現出來的,should可以省略。其具體運用體現在:

1.在suggest , order, demand , propose, command, request, desire,insist等表示建議、命令、要求、意見的動詞後接的賓語從句中要使用虛擬語氣。
如:

he suggests that she should leave the house at once.
the leader ordered that the task(should) be finished as soon as possible.
he proposed that we (should) deal with the problem by the view of development.

2.與suggest , order, demand , propose, command, request, desire,insist等動詞相對應的名詞suggestion, order, demand , proposal 等後的表語從句或同位語從句中要使用虛擬語氣。如:

the general sent the order that the battle(should) be held on untilthe complete failure of the enemy.
my proposal is that we(should) set a deadline for handing in the plan.

3.在it is/was suggested (ordered , demanded , proposed , etc. ) 結構以及necessary , essential, important, strange, natural等形容詞後的主語從句中要使用虛擬語氣。如:

it‘s requested that we (should) keep the stability of the society for the people’s peaceful life.
it is necessary that the badly wounded man(should) be treated immediately.

(二)過去時態類

英語中,還有一些詞或短語後接的從句或句子,也要使用虛擬語氣,虛擬語氣是通過句中的謂語使用過去的某種時態(如:一般過去時、過去完成時等)來體現的。

1. wish , would rather 後的賓語從句。如:

he wished he had never been involved in such affairs.
i would rather you could teach me again.

2. as if, as though引導的從句。如:

the little boy knows so many things as if he was a man.
he acted as usual as though nothing had happened.

3.由if only (要是……,那該多好啊!)引導的驚嘆句。如:

if only i had passed the test !
if only it stopped raining!

4. it is(about/high) time 後的定語從句。如:

it is time we went out for a walk.
it was high time they had begun to prepare the experiment.

   虛擬語氣大致上就談這些了。