替代是一種避免重複的連線上下文的手段。在英語中主要有三種替代現象:名詞性替代、動詞性替代和分句性替代;同理,替代詞也分為名詞替代詞、動詞替代詞和分句替代詞。此外還有狀語的替代。
一、名詞性替代
用名詞性替代詞one (s), the same, the kind, the sort等所表示的替代現象叫做名詞性替代。
1.名詞性替代詞
例1:the child doesn’t like this book. show him a more interesting one. (one = book)
例2:his novel is a bad one for children. (one = novel)
2.某些不定代詞
在名詞性替代中還可以用一些不定代詞來替代。如all, both, some, any, enough, several, none, many, much, more, (the ) most, (a) few, another, the other, others, either等。例如:
i don't want any more food. i’ve had enough.
3. one 和 ones是最常見的替代詞
one的複數形式是ones.one 和ones作為替代詞只能用以替代可數名詞, 不可用來替代不可數名詞。例如:
1)the grey horse is stronger than the black one.
2)the new design is much better than the old ones.
4.名詞性物主代詞mine,yours
名詞性物主代詞mine, yours等可用來代替my +名詞,your +名詞等,例如:
“whose is that coat?” “it’s mine.”
二、動詞性替代
用動詞替代詞do,do so等所表示的替代現象叫做動詞性替代。
1.謂語的替代形式
do是謂語的替代形式,有時態和人稱的變化。例如:
1)some people like a shower after they have played tennis. peter does, for example.
2)john speaks german as fluently as mary does.
2.由do,so等組成的複合替代形式
(1)“so +助動詞+主語”。例如:
“mary will enter the university in september.” “so will joan.”
(2)“so +主語+助動詞”。例如:
“i’ve been to beijing.” ”so you have.”
註:這種結構中第二句的主語與第一句的主語是同一個人,否則應像“so +助動詞+主語”的結構一樣,主謂要倒裝。
(3)“主語+(助動詞+)do + so”。例如:
“have you sent your plan to the committee?”
“i did so yesterday.”
(4)“主語+(助動詞+)do + that”。例如:
“do you know who broke the television set?”
“i heard john did that.”
(5)“主語+(助動詞+)do + it”。例如:
“my brother said he was going to send a letter of protest to the president.” ”i did it last week.”
註:如果上文表示否定意義而在簡短反應中表示相同的看法時,則用“neither / nor +do +主語”。此時,do 不是動詞替代詞,而是助動詞。例如:
mary didn’t like english, neither did her brother.
3.to代替整個動詞不定式
當某個動詞不定式詞組在句子中再次出現時,我們可以只用to這個詞,而不必重複整個動詞不定式詞組。例如:
1)i went there because i wanted to. (=…because i wanted to go there.)
2)perhaps i’ll go to brazil this summer; i’d very much like to.
3)“are you and gillian getting married?” ”we hope to.”
4)i think he should get a job, but you can’t force him to if he’s not ready (to).
5)i don’t dance much now, but i used to a lot.
6)we’ll never leave home; he hasn’t got the courage (to).
注1:有時to可省略(尤其是在形容詞和名詞之後,見例4、6)。在某些動詞(如try)之後也可省略to。例如:
“can you start the car?” “ok, i’ll try.”
注2:在want和would like之後,通常不能省略to。然而,當want或like 用於從句時(例如,在when, if, what, as之後),to常常省略。例如:
1)come when you want.
2)i’ve decided to do what i like.
3)come and stay as long as you like.
三、分句性替代
用分句替代詞so或not替代整個分句的現象叫做分句性替代。例如:
many people believe that there will be another world war before the end of the century. my father think so, but i believe not.
1.分句替代詞so或not可替代that從句
so可用來替代肯定的that從句,not替代否定的that從句,它們常與i’m afraid, believe, expect, fear, guess, hope, suppose, think等詞語搭配。例如:
1)“have we got enough money?” “i think so.”
2)“we’re not going to be in time.” “no, i suppose not.”
2. so與not可用來代替if 後面的從句
例1:are you free this evening? if so, come and have a drink with us.
例2:are you busy this afternoon? if not, i wish you would stay with me for a while.
3.用it, this, that, such作為替代詞
例1:if you don’t work hard, you’ll regret it. (regret it = regret not working hard)
例2:he was very tired. this explains why he went to bed early.
例3:you’re trying to cut with the back of the knife; that’s a silly thing to do.
例4:i may hurt your feelings, but such (= that) was certainly not my intention.
四、狀語的替代
1.時間狀語的替代形式主要用副詞then
例如:we saw john at eight on monday evening. we told him then that we could be coming to the party.
2.地點狀語的替代形式主要用副詞here和there
例如:mary is in london and john is there too.
it和that有時也可以用作地點狀語的替代形式,這種場合的it和that在句中作主語,並可同there交換使用,謂語動詞是聯繫動詞。
例如:they sat right in front of the stage. that / it / there was where the noise was greatest.
3.方式狀語的替代形式用in that way和like that
例如:“she plays the piano with great concentration and with great energy.” “i’m afraid she doesn’t study like that.”