結尾往往可以起到“畫龍點睛”的作用,開篇正文再好,如果結尾過於平淡,整個演講的精彩程度都會大打折扣。那么如何做到“結尾有道”呢?首先,我們來看看賈伯斯的這篇演講稿,他的結尾比開篇更加出彩,採用的是“end with a quotation”,達到的效果是特別引人深思。他在結尾說道,“stewart and his team put out several issues of the whole earth catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. it was the mid-1970s, and i was your age. on the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitch hiking on if you were so adventurous. beneath it were the words: "stay hungry. stay foolish." it was their farewell message as they signed off. stay hungry. stay foolish. and i have always wished that for myself. and now, as you graduate to begin anew, i wish that for you. stay hungry. stay foolish.”他不僅在結尾引用這句“stay hungry. stay foolish”(求知若渴,虛懷若谷),而且重複三遍,強化聽眾的印象,這句話也被廣泛傳播,被譽為該篇演講的“精髓”。
在結尾時,可以用結束信號詞讓聽眾明白你要準備結尾了,不要讓演講結束得太突兀,比如,“in conclusion", "let me end my speech by saying...", "i'd like to close my speech this way."等。具體的結尾方式很多,常見的有:1. summarize your speech(總結演講)。2. make a dramatic statement(強有力的陳述),這個不同於引用他人之言,往往是演講者自己的沉澱和吶喊,非常經典的演講是patrick henry's legendary "liberty or death" oration. 他在結尾時說道,"is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? forbid it, almighty god! i know not what course others may take; but as for mw, give me liberty, or give me death." 3. refer to the introduction(首尾呼應)。這是體現演講內在統一的很經典的形式,值得借鑑。
三、觀點闡釋,有效支撐
毫無疑問,主體段的信息量最大,寫作量也是最大,如何更清晰地闡釋演講者的觀點,有效支撐分論點,是寫作時應該把握的關鍵。在明晰了寫作邏輯之後,就要圍繞這些邏輯要點來展開論證。賈伯斯在史丹福大學的畢業演講中,邏輯要點有三:1. the first story is about connecting the dots. 2. my second story is about love and loss. 3. my third story is about death. 他在闡釋中主要運用了以下手段。首先,舉例子。文中用了大量的例子來說明他怎么對待學習、工作和死亡,比如他說起自己決定輟學然後旁聽有意思的課程,這些課當時對他沒什麼實質的幫助,但是十年後在當他設計第一款macintosh 電腦的時候,這些東西全派上了用場,這個例子充分說明了他要講的第一個要點-- 串起生命中的點滴。在隨後的文中,賈伯斯大量地講述了他事業生活中的例子,讓聽眾感受到真實的力量和鼓舞。其次,引用。他除了在文章最後用到了引用,文中也不乏引用的痕跡,比如在講到死亡時,他引用了一句格言,“if you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right.”這句話能表明他對於死亡的態度。恰到好處的引用往往能使聽眾印象深刻。第三,數據。在講第二個故事--關於愛和失去時,賈伯斯用到了一系列數據來支撐觀點。他說自己是幸運的,因為,“woz and i started apple in my parents garage when i was 20. we worked hard, and in 10 years apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. we had just released our finest creation — the macintosh — a year earlier, and i had just turned 30.”數據很直觀,能讓聽眾有直接的認識和理解。