sex stimulates the release of vasopressin and oxytocin in people, as well as voles, though the role of these hormones in the human brain is not yet well understood. but while it is unlikely that people have a mental, smell-based map of their partners in the way that voles do, there are strong hints that the hormone pair have something to reveal about the nature of human love: among those of man's fellow primates that have been studied, monogamous marmosets have higher levels of vasopressin bound in the reward centres of their brains than do non-monogamous rhesus macaques.
other approaches are also shedding light on the question. in 2000, andreas bartels and semir zeki of university college, london, located the areas of the brain activated by romantic love. they took students who said they were madly in love, put them into a brain scanner, and looked at their patterns of brain activity.the results were surprising. for a start, a relatively small area of the human brain is active in love, compared with that involved in, say, ordinary friendship. “it is fascinating to reflect”, the pair conclude, “that the face that launched a thousand ships should have done so through such a limited expanse of cortex.” the second surprise was that the brain areas active in love are different from the areas activated in other emotional states, such as fear and anger. parts of the brain that are love-bitten include the one responsible for gut feelings, and the ones which generate the euphoria induced by drugs such as cocaine. so the brains of people deeply in love do not look like those of people experiencing strong emotions, but instead like those of people snorting coke. love, in other words, uses the neural mechanisms that are activated during the process of addiction. “we are literally addicted to love,” dr young observes. like the prairie voles.
it seems possible, then, that animals which form strong social bonds do so because of the location of their receptors for vasopressin and oxytocin. evolution acts on the distribution of these receptors to generate social or non-social versions of a vole. the more receptors located in regions associated with reward, the more rewarding social interactions become. social groups, and society itself, rely ultimately on these receptors. but for evolution to be able to act, there must be individual variation between mice, and between men. and this has interesting implications.last year, steven phelps, who works at emory with dr young, found great diversity in the distribution of vasopressin receptors between individual prairie voles. he suggests that this variation contributes to individual differences in social behaviour—in other words, some voles will be more faithful than others. meanwhile, dr young says that he and his colleagues have found a lot of variation in the vasopressin-receptor gene in humans. “we may be able to do things like look at their gene sequence, look at their promoter sequence, to genotype people and correlate that with their fidelity,” he muses.
it has already proved possible to tinker with this genetic inheritance, with startling results. scientists can increase the expression of the relevant receptors in prairie voles, and thus strengthen the animals' ability to attach to partners. and in 1999, dr young led a team that took the prairie-vole receptor gene and inserted it into an ordinary (and therefore promiscuous) mouse. the transgenic mouse thus created was much more sociable to its mate.
"你或許也會面對它"英語作文譯文:
雖然抗利尿激素和催產素在人腦內的角色仍未被透徹了解，但與田鼠一樣，人體在受到性刺激時也會釋放這些荷爾蒙。儘管與田鼠不一樣，人類不太可能有一張基於嗅覺的神經系統伴侶圖譜，但若干線索已有力說明，這兩種荷爾蒙能揭示一些人類戀愛的本質∶在已被研究過的人類靈長目同伴之中，一夫一妻制小長尾猴的大腦獎賞中樞系統中，抗利尿激素水平較非一夫一妻制的恆河短尾猿高。其他方法也正在為人們尋找這些問題的謎底。2000 年，來自倫敦市大學學院的andreas bartels和semir zeki定位出了能被浪漫愛情激活的大腦區域。兩位學者選擇自稱正在熱戀的學生作為測試目標，利用腦掃瞄器對他們的大腦活動模式進行觀測。
令人驚訝的是：首先，人腦參與到戀愛的活動區域，較之其他感情(如普通友誼)，相對要比較小些。“引人注意的是，結果顯示，”兩位學者推斷說，“美麗的面容是通過控制一個有限區域的大腦皮層來實現‘一顧傾人城，再顧傾人國’的。” 第二個驚奇之處是，大腦內因戀愛而活躍的區域不同於因其他情緒而活躍的區域，例如，恐懼和憤怒。 被戀愛“咬住”的那部份大腦還包括負責內臟感覺和因古柯鹼等毒品生成快感的區域。因此，因此，深墜愛河的戀人們的大腦，並非類同於經歷強烈情緒波動的人，倒更接近那些鼻吸古柯鹼的癮君子。換句話說，愛情使用的是在成癮過程中被激活的神經機制。“嚴格地講, 我們成癮於愛情，”young博士評述道，“就如同草原田鼠”。那么看起來，能形成穩固社會聯結的動物之所以願意建立彼此間的夥伴關係，可能是由它們的抗利尿激素和催產素受體在大腦中的位置所決定。生物進化作用於以上受體在大腦的分布，而產生了社會性或非社會性不同版本的田鼠。位於獎賞機制有關區域的受體越多，對個體而言, 社會互動就更具有回報性。動物的社會性團體，乃至整個社會本身都最終依賴於這些受體。但要使進化真能發生效力，在鼠之鼠之間以及人與人之間，一定存在個體變異。這一論述還有引人入勝的推論。
在emory大學與young博士一同工作的steven phelps去年發現，草原田鼠各個體間抗利尿激素受體的腦內分布，存在著很大的差異。他提出，正是這一變異導致了社會行為的個體差異，換句話說，一些田鼠將會比另一些更加忠誠。同時，young博士說他和同事已經發現人類抗利尿激素受體基因的許多變異。“我們或許能夠做些類似於察看人們的基因序列，察看他們的啟動序列等工作，在此基礎上對人們進行基因型分類, 並把分類結果與他們的忠誠度關聯起來”，young博士作如是想。
事實已經證明可能對這種基因遺傳進行修補，並產生了令人吃驚的結果。科學家能增加草原田鼠相關受體的表達，以加強動物對同伴的依附能力。而且在 1999 年，young博士帶領了一隻研究隊伍，他們將草原田鼠的受體基因插入到一隻平常(因此成為雜亂的) 老鼠的體內，由此產生的轉基因鼠對它的配偶表現得更為友善。