d. 最後的圓場：在前言的最後，還可以總結性地提出“這一研究對其它研究有什麼幫助”；或者說further studies on……will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)。總之，其目的就是讓讀者把思路集中到你要討論的問題上來。儘量減少不必要的爭論(arguments)。
2. discussion：
a. 怎樣提出觀點：在提出自己的觀點時，採取什麼樣的策略很重要，不合適的句子通常會遭到reviewer置疑。(1)如果觀點不是這篇文章最新提出的，通常要用we confirm that……(2)對於自己很自信的觀點，可用we believe that……(3)通常，由數據推斷出一定的結論，用results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that……(4) 在極其特別時才可用we put forward(discover, observe)……"for the first time"來強調自己的創新……(5) 如果自己對所提出的觀點不完全肯定，可用we tentatively put forward (interrprete this to…)or the results may be due to (caused by) attributed to resulted from……or this is probably a consequence of……it seems that……can account for (interpret) this……or it is posible that it stem from……要注意這些結構要合理搭配。如果通篇是類型1)和5)，那這篇文章的意義就大打折扣。如果全是2)，肯定會遭到置疑。所以要仔細分析自己成果的創新性以及可信度。
b. 連線詞與邏輯：寫英文論文最常見的毛病是文章的邏輯不清楚，解決方法如下。
(1) 注意句子上下連貫，不能讓句子獨立。常見的連線詞有，however, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, similarly, unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, in order to, despite, for example, compared with, other results, thus, therefore……用好連線詞能使文章層次清楚，意思明確。比如，敘述有時間順序的事件或文獻，最早的文獻可用aa advocated it for the first time.接下來可用then bb further demonstrated that. 再接下來，可用afterwards, cc……如果還有，可用more recent studies by dd……如果敘述兩種觀點，要把它們截然分開aa put forward that……in contrast, bb believe or unlike aa, bb suggest or on the contrary (表明前面觀點錯誤)，如果只表明兩種觀點對立，用in contrast bb……如果兩種觀點相近,可用aa suggest……similarily, alternatively, bb……or also, bb or bb allso does……表示因果或者前後關係可用consequently, therefore, as a result……表明遞進關係可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition……寫完一段英文，最好首先檢查是否較好地套用了這些連線詞。
(2) 注意段落布局的整體邏輯：經常我們要敘述一個問題的幾個方面。這種情況下，一定要注意邏輯結構。第一段要明確告訴讀者你要討論幾個部份……therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed. the first question involves……the second problem relates to……the third aspect deals with……清晰地把觀點逐層敘述。也可以直接用first, second, third, finally……當然，furthermore, in addition等可以用來補充說明。