2016考研英語語法大全

冠詞(article)

一、單數可數名詞單數可數名詞前必須加冠詞,a(an)表示泛指或類指,the表示特指或類指。

例句: washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the revolutionary war, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中主句是washington overcame the strong opposition..., who引導的非限制性定語從句修飾washington,該句中又有一個that引導的從句作believe的賓語。

譯文: 在美國獨立戰爭期間目睹了黑人士兵的勇敢之後,華盛頓才開始認為人生來平等。他克服了親人的強烈反對,在遺囑中給自己的奴隸們自由。

例句: while the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (選自XX年part c)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中supplied to them by lawyers作定語修飾interpretations,undue reliance意為“過分依賴”。

譯文: 雖然法律報導的質量各不相同,但是許多新聞記者都過分依賴律師提供給他們的解釋。

二、定冠詞the的用法

在下述幾種情況下須用定冠詞the:表示世界上獨一無二的名詞,用在可數名詞單數或某些形容詞前代表一類人或事物,用在形容詞、副詞最高級和序數詞和only之前。樂器名稱前要加定冠詞the。

如:

the sun the moon the universe the camel

the blind the largest island the only student the piano

例句: the universe works in a way so far removed from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it. (1998年第19題)

分析: 該句是複合句,what common sense would allow...作介詞from的賓語從句,該句中還包含一個so...that...從句。

譯文: 宇宙運行的方式與常識所允許的構思相距甚遠,因此任何一種語言也必然不足以把它解釋清楚。

例句: but somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, as we went from wordsworth?s daffodils to baudelaire?s flowers of evil. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是複合句,主幹結構是more artists began seeing happiness as..., 而as we went from wordsworth?s daffodils to baudelaire?s flowers of evil是一個狀語從句。

譯文: 但是從19世紀的某個時候開始,當我們從華茲華斯的《水仙花》轉向波德萊爾的《惡之花》時,越來越多的藝術家開始把快樂看做是毫無意義的、虛假的甚至是令人厭倦的東西。

三、人名、地名等專有名詞

人名、地名等專有名詞前一般不用冠詞,但在海洋、河流、山脈、群島以及含有普通名詞的專有名詞前一般加定冠詞。

如:

the atlantic ocean (大西洋)

the red sea (紅海)

the society for anglo chinese understanding (英中了解協會)

the special economic zone (經濟特區)

例句: the four special economic zones(sezs) in guangdong and fujian provinces, 14 coastal cities and hainan island have specifically designed tax and other incentives for the foreign investor. (選自far eastern economic review)

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 廣東與福建兩省的四個經濟特區、14個沿海開放城市及海南島都有專門為外國投資者制定的稅收及其他鼓勵投資政策。

四、抽象名詞和物質名詞

抽象名詞和物質名詞表示一般概念時,前面通常不用冠詞,但特指時,則一定要加定冠詞。

例句: i admire the patience of scientific workers, which gives me much revelation.

分析: 該句是複合句,包含一個由which引導的非限制性定語從句。

譯文: 我欽佩科研工作者的耐心,那給了我很多啟示。

五、動名詞

動名詞前一般不加冠詞,但表示確定特指含義的動名詞前要加定冠詞。

例句: some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中requiring...在句中作主語補足語,對主語some uniforms作進一步解釋說明,形容詞短語possible with many types of civilian clothes在句中作定語修飾the home laundering。

譯文: 有些制服維護費用也比較昂貴,需要專業清洗,而不能使用洗滌其他普通衣物的家庭洗滌方式。

六、一般不加冠詞的一些名詞

1. 節日前一般不加冠詞,如christmas,但也有例外。

如:

the spring festival(春節)

the mid autumn festival(中秋節)

the dragon boat festival(端午節)

例句: before the spring festival, the leaders of the village made the house to house survey, inquiring in each family about their needs and problems.

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中inquiring in each family about their needs and problems在句中作伴隨狀語。

譯文: 在春節前夕,村中的領導挨家挨戶地走訪,詢問每個家庭的需要和問題。

2. 一日三餐表示一般意義時,其前面不用冠詞,但表示特殊含義時可用a或the。

例句: my little son had a big breakfast this morning,and it was the very breakfast that made him uncomfortable the whole day.

分析: 該句是並列句,其中第二個分句是一個強調句。

譯文: 小兒子今早吃得太多,就是這頓早餐使他一整天都不舒服。

3. 公園、街道、體育項目、遊戲等名稱前一般不用冠詞,季節、月份等日期前一般不用冠詞,但表示特指時須加冠詞。

例句: long after the 1998 world cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing decisions that denied victory to their team.

分析: 該句是複合句,其中定語從句that denied victory to their team修飾decisions。

譯文: 儘管1998年世界盃早已塵埃落定,但失望的球迷仍然對那個使自己球隊痛失勝利的有爭議的判罰耿耿於懷。

名詞的所有格

名詞的格是表示名詞或代詞與句中其他詞之間意義關係的形式,英語中格的形式有普通格(common case)和屬格(genitive case),屬格又被稱為所有格,當名詞在句中表示所有關係時,名詞便採用屬格形式,屬格分為兩種:一種是?s屬格,另一種是由介詞詞組構成的of屬格。

單數名詞加?s,複數名詞加“?”(不以s結尾的複數名詞仍加“?s”),如:

a boy?s sister

the children?s holiday

the teachers? room

例句: and if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, gordon says that by and large, “you could use today?s data and feel fairly confident.” (選自XX年text 3)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中主幹部分是gordon says that...。

譯文: 如果你需要預測人類在不久將來的身高情況以設計一種新的衣服,戈登認為基本上“你可以使用今天的(身高)數據,並且感到頗有信心。”

用s屬格時應注意以下問題:

(一)複合名詞在最後一個詞後加“?s”

如:

my sister in law?s present (我嫂子的禮物)

the commander in chief?s wife (總司令的妻子)

the grandson?s toys (孫子的玩具)

(二)由兩個或三個名詞並列組成的詞組所有格

由兩個或三個名詞並列組成的詞組,如在最後一個詞後加?s表示並列名詞的共有關係;如各個名詞後都加?s則表示並列各名詞的所有關係,如:

tom and john?s car/tom?s and john?s cars

前者指tom和john兩人共有的一輛汽車;後者指tom和john兩人各自的汽車,故用複數cars。

(三)s屬格和of短語的所有格

s屬格和of短語都可表示所屬關係、主謂關係、動賓關係,但表示類別時只能用?s所有格。

如:

women?s shoes (女鞋)

students? books (學生用書)

a master?s degree (研究生學位)

例句: and even more incredible is the young brain?s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.

分析:該句是倒裝句,正常句序是the young brain?s...in new ways is even more incredible,主語中to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine...在句中作定語修飾ability。

譯文: 更令人難以相信的是,幼兒能從其周圍雜亂的聲音中識別語言順序,並能分析和按新的方式組合與重新組合語言成分。

名詞的單複數

(一)不可數名詞

a little/some/much/considerable/a great (good) deal of/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of (大量的) +不可數名詞

例句: the portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man being prince henry the navigator, who lived in 15th century.

(1995年第14題)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中that man...navigator是一個獨立主格結構,進一步解釋說明one man; who lived...是非限制性定語從句,解釋說明prince henry。

譯文: 葡萄牙人給了這位促進海上旅行的人很多榮譽,此人便是15世紀的航海家亨利王子。

例句: if humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(選自XX年part c)

分析: 該句是複合句。主句we may well believe...中帶有that引導的賓語從句, if引導的條件狀語從句中包含that引導的從句作realizing的賓語,短語made headway in...的意思是“在某方面取得進展”。

譯文: 每個機構的最終價值在於其對人類的獨特影響,如果人類在對此的認識上已有所進展,那么我們也許完全可以相信這種經驗已在與年輕人打交道的過程中學會了。

(二)複數可數名詞

some/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/a few/the number of/a number of/quantities of/a great many (of) +複數可數名詞

例句: plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to stop. (選自XX年use of english)

分析: 該句是並列句,在第二個句子中they?ve apparently learned是一個省略關係代詞的定語從句,修飾things。

譯文: 許多別的物種能夠學習,而且它們已經明顯學會的東西之一就是何時停止學習。

例句: but a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. (選自XX年part b)

分析: 該句是簡單句。其中短語“in favor of ”的意思是“贊成,支持;有利於”。

譯文: 但在20世紀初,許多人類學家也反對文化特殊論,轉而支持文化傳播論。

(三)單複數形式相同的名詞

meansseriesspeciessheep

deerfishgrouse(松雞)plaice(鰈魚)

swine(野豬)vietnamese(越南人)viennese(維也納人)japanese

chineseportugueseswisscraft

aircraftspacecrafthovercraft(氣墊船)

例句: the data received from the two spacecraft whirling around mars indicate that there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet. (1996年第18題)

分析: 該句是複合句,主幹是the data...indicate that..., 其中received...mars作定語修飾the data;that huge...the planet是evidence的同位語從句。

譯文: 環繞火星的兩艘宇宙飛船接收到的數據表明, 有充分的證據表明該行星的赤道附近正下著大暴雨。

例句: crisis would be the right term to describe the decline in many animal species. (1999年第33題)

譯文: 許多動物物種日漸減少, 用危機一詞來描述再恰當不過了。

(四)下列兩類名詞只有複數形式, 與動詞複數連用

表示由兩部分組成的物體名詞,如:

calipers(卡鉗)glasses scales(磅秤)pants

pliers(鉗子)scissors trousers shoes

jeans shorts(短褲)

這些名詞作主語時謂語動詞用複數形式,前有a pair of修飾時,謂語的單複數由pair的單複數決定。

例句: i?m going to weigh my luggage: are there any scales?

譯文: 我想把行李過一下磅,有磅秤嗎?

例句: the girl wears sun glasses, which were bought from the glasses? line, and a pair of old ones has been broken.

譯文: 姑娘戴著從眼鏡行買來的太陽鏡,而那副舊眼鏡已經折斷了。

另外還有: arms goodsclothes

contents headquarters minutes(會議記錄)

regards(敬意) wages respects(敬意,問候)

thanks fireworks(煙火)archives(檔案)

例句: my wages are the principle source of my income.

譯文: 薪金是我收入的主要來源。

(五)有些名詞雖以s結尾,卻表示單數概念,謂語動詞用單數形式

1. 學科名稱:

politics linguistics

physics economics

mathematics ethics

electronics informatics

mechanics(力學) statistics

acoustics(聲學)athletics

phonetics(語音學)

例句: talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you?ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (XX年第8題)

分析: 該句是複合句,talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句,that引導賓語從句,since引導時間狀語從句。

譯文: 與從事藥品工業的人一交談,你就會發現自從盤尼西林被研製出以後,遺傳學是對藥品研究最大的衝擊。

2.遊戲名稱,如: checkers(跳棋)、 darts(投鏢遊戲)、 billiards(彈子戲)、 cards(紙牌)以及專有名詞,如 naples(那不勒斯),the united states,the new york times等,但表示瀑布、山脈、島嶼的以s結尾的專有名詞常表複數。

例句: today, the snooker billiards becomes an international sports activity that the people of various countries like.

分析: 該句是複合句,that the people of various countries like作定語修飾sports activity。

譯文: 今天,斯諾克檯球已經成為各國人民普遍喜愛的一項國際性的體育活動。

例句: naples is an important seaport of the southwest in italy.

譯文: 那不勒斯是義大利西南部的一個重要海港。

(六)集體名詞數的問題

1. 有些集體名詞後接單數動詞,如:

merchandisepoetry machinery furnitureluggage

baggage foliage(樹葉)

例句: modern machinery has been installed in the company.

譯文: 公司已經安裝了現代化的機械。

例句: this class of merchandise is usually sold on d/p(documents payment) basis.

譯文: 這種商品通常在付款交單的基礎上出售。

2.有些集體名詞後接複數動詞,如:

people police poultry clergy(教士)

vermin(害蟲)cattle militia(民兵)

例句: these vermin are harmful to the plants, so they must be got rid of.

譯文: 這些害蟲對莊稼有害,應該儘快把它們消滅掉。

例句: all the poultry in hong kong were destroyed to stop the threat.

譯文: 為了消除威脅,香港屠殺了所有家禽。

3.有些集體名詞,如:

audience boardfamily class couple crew

committeegovernment jury party team public

company

做整體講時,謂語動詞用單數;當看做集體的各個成員時,謂語動詞用複數。

例句: my family are fond of playing bowls, so they never miss the program involved.

譯文: 我家人都喜歡頂碗的遊戲,所以很少錯過相關節目。

例句: my family is a big one, and so it is called extended family by neighbors.

譯文: 我們家是一個大家庭,於是鄰居們常稱我們家為大家庭。

註: 需要強調個體時,集體名詞一般應使用單位詞,如:

three heads of cattle 三頭牛

a piece of luggage 一件行李

(七)有些名詞單複數形式不同,詞義也發生變化

例如: air(空氣)——airs(樣子,擺架子)

anxiety(焦慮)——anxieties(令人憂慮的事)

brain(大腦)——brains(智力)

custom(風俗)——customs(海關)

damage(損壞)——damages(賠償金)

delicacy(微妙)——delicacies(山珍海味)

disorder(混亂)——disorders(小病,病痛)

experience(經驗)——experiences(經歷)

fear(恐懼)——fears(擔心)

glass(玻璃)——glasses(眼鏡)

joy(快樂)——joys(令人快樂的人或事)

kindness(善意)——kindnesses(善行)

pity(憐憫)——pities(不幸)

people(人民)——peoples(民族)

security(安全)——securities(證券,債券)

time(時間)——times(時代)

work(工作)——works(作品)

authority(權威,權力)——authorities(官方,當局)

例句: they want to expose those educationally disadvantaged students to creative,enriching educational experiences for a five year period.

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中expose sb. to sth.意為“使某人暴露在……之下”。

譯文: 他們想讓那些教育背景欠佳的學生接受一種既有創造性又能豐富人生的為期五年的教育。

例句: the integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authority over technical economic tasks.

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中with authority over technical economic tasks是介詞短語,作a central organization的定語。

譯文: 首先創辦一個有權管理技術經濟工作的中心組織,以便更好地實現各獨立國家之間的結合。

名詞的單複數

(一)不可數名詞

a little/some/much/considerable/a great (good) deal of/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of (大量的) +不可數名詞

例句: the portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man being prince henry the navigator, who lived in 15th century.

(1995年第14題)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中that man...navigator是一個獨立主格結構,進一步解釋說明one man; who lived...是非限制性定語從句,解釋說明prince henry。

譯文: 葡萄牙人給了這位促進海上旅行的人很多榮譽,此人便是15世紀的航海家亨利王子。

例句: if humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(選自XX年part c)

分析: 該句是複合句。主句we may well believe...中帶有that引導的賓語從句, if引導的條件狀語從句中包含that引導的從句作realizing的賓語,短語made headway in...的意思是“在某方面取得進展”。

譯文: 每個機構的最終價值在於其對人類的獨特影響,如果人類在對此的認識上已有所進展,那么我們也許完全可以相信這種經驗已在與年輕人打交道的過程中學會了。

(二)複數可數名詞

some/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/a few/the number of/a number of/quantities of/a great many (of) +複數可數名詞

例句: plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to stop. (選自XX年use of english)

分析: 該句是並列句,在第二個句子中they?ve apparently learned是一個省略關係代詞的定語從句,修飾things。

譯文: 許多別的物種能夠學習,而且它們已經明顯學會的東西之一就是何時停止學習。

例句: but a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. (選自XX年part b)

分析: 該句是簡單句。其中短語“in favor of ”的意思是“贊成,支持;有利於”。

譯文: 但在20世紀初,許多人類學家也反對文化特殊論,轉而支持文化傳播論。

(三)單複數形式相同的名詞

meansseriesspeciessheep

deerfishgrouse(松雞)plaice(鰈魚)

swine(野豬)vietnamese(越南人)viennese(維也納人)japanese

chineseportugueseswisscraft

aircraftspacecrafthovercraft(氣墊船)

例句: the data received from the two spacecraft whirling around mars indicate that there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet. (1996年第18題)

分析: 該句是複合句,主幹是the data...indicate that..., 其中received...mars作定語修飾the data;that huge...the planet是evidence的同位語從句。

譯文: 環繞火星的兩艘宇宙飛船接收到的數據表明, 有充分的證據表明該行星的赤道附近正下著大暴雨。

例句: crisis would be the right term to describe the decline in many animal species. (1999年第33題)

譯文: 許多動物物種日漸減少, 用危機一詞來描述再恰當不過了。

(四)下列兩類名詞只有複數形式, 與動詞複數連用

表示由兩部分組成的物體名詞,如:

calipers(卡鉗)glasses scales(磅秤)pants

pliers(鉗子)scissors trousers shoes

jeans shorts(短褲)

這些名詞作主語時謂語動詞用複數形式,前有a pair of修飾時,謂語的單複數由pair的單複數決定。

例句: i?m going to weigh my luggage: are there any scales?

譯文: 我想把行李過一下磅,有磅秤嗎?

例句: the girl wears sun glasses, which were bought from the glasses? line, and a pair of old ones has been broken.

譯文: 姑娘戴著從眼鏡行買來的太陽鏡,而那副舊眼鏡已經折斷了。

另外還有: arms goodsclothes

contents headquarters minutes(會議記錄)

regards(敬意) wages respects(敬意,問候)

thanks fireworks(煙火)archives(檔案)

例句: my wages are the principle source of my income.

譯文: 薪金是我收入的主要來源。

(五)有些名詞雖以s結尾,卻表示單數概念,謂語動詞用單數形式

1. 學科名稱:

politics linguistics

physics economics

mathematics ethics

electronics informatics

mechanics(力學) statistics

acoustics(聲學)athletics

phonetics(語音學)

例句: talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you?ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (XX年第8題)

分析: 該句是複合句,talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句,that引導賓語從句,since引導時間狀語從句。

譯文: 與從事藥品工業的人一交談,你就會發現自從盤尼西林被研製出以後,遺傳學是對藥品研究最大的衝擊。

2.遊戲名稱,如: checkers(跳棋)、 darts(投鏢遊戲)、 billiards(彈子戲)、 cards(紙牌)以及專有名詞,如 naples(那不勒斯),the united states,the new york times等,但表示瀑布、山脈、島嶼的以s結尾的專有名詞常表複數。

例句: today, the snooker billiards becomes an international sports activity that the people of various countries like.

分析: 該句是複合句,that the people of various countries like作定語修飾sports activity。

譯文: 今天,斯諾克檯球已經成為各國人民普遍喜愛的一項國際性的體育活動。

例句: naples is an important seaport of the southwest in italy.

譯文: 那不勒斯是義大利西南部的一個重要海港。

(六)集體名詞數的問題

1. 有些集體名詞後接單數動詞,如:

merchandisepoetry machinery furnitureluggage

baggage foliage(樹葉)

例句: modern machinery has been installed in the company.

譯文: 公司已經安裝了現代化的機械。

例句: this class of merchandise is usually sold on d/p(documents payment) basis.

譯文: 這種商品通常在付款交單的基礎上出售。

2.有些集體名詞後接複數動詞,如:

people police poultry clergy(教士)

vermin(害蟲)cattle militia(民兵)

例句: these vermin are harmful to the plants, so they must be got rid of.

譯文: 這些害蟲對莊稼有害,應該儘快把它們消滅掉。

例句: all the poultry in hong kong were destroyed to stop the threat.

譯文: 為了消除威脅,香港屠殺了所有家禽。

3.有些集體名詞,如:

audience boardfamily class couple crew

committeegovernment jury party team public

company

做整體講時,謂語動詞用單數;當看做集體的各個成員時,謂語動詞用複數。

例句: my family are fond of playing bowls, so they never miss the program involved.

譯文: 我家人都喜歡頂碗的遊戲,所以很少錯過相關節目。

例句: my family is a big one, and so it is called extended family by neighbors.

譯文: 我們家是一個大家庭,於是鄰居們常稱我們家為大家庭。

註: 需要強調個體時,集體名詞一般應使用單位詞,如:

three heads of cattle 三頭牛

a piece of luggage 一件行李

(七)有些名詞單複數形式不同,詞義也發生變化

例如: air(空氣)——airs(樣子,擺架子)

anxiety(焦慮)——anxieties(令人憂慮的事)

brain(大腦)——brains(智力)

custom(風俗)——customs(海關)

damage(損壞)——damages(賠償金)

delicacy(微妙)——delicacies(山珍海味)

disorder(混亂)——disorders(小病,病痛)

experience(經驗)——experiences(經歷)

fear(恐懼)——fears(擔心)

glass(玻璃)——glasses(眼鏡)

joy(快樂)——joys(令人快樂的人或事)

kindness(善意)——kindnesses(善行)

pity(憐憫)——pities(不幸)

people(人民)——peoples(民族)

security(安全)——securities(證券,債券)

time(時間)——times(時代)

work(工作)——works(作品)

authority(權威,權力)——authorities(官方,當局)

例句: they want to expose those educationally disadvantaged students to creative,enriching educational experiences for a five year period.

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中expose sb. to sth.意為“使某人暴露在……之下”。

譯文: 他們想讓那些教育背景欠佳的學生接受一種既有創造性又能豐富人生的為期五年的教育。

例句: the integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authority over technical economic tasks.

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中with authority over technical economic tasks是介詞短語,作a central organization的定語。

譯文: 首先創辦一個有權管理技術經濟工作的中心組織,以便更好地實現各獨立國家之間的結合。

動詞

動詞是表示動作或狀態的詞,根據其意義和作用,動詞可分為實義動詞、系動詞、情態動詞和助動詞。動詞涉及的內容很多,本書僅就研究生考試中常涉及的動詞時態、時態一致以及部分情態動詞作深入講解。

一、時態(tense)

時態是表示動作發生的時間和表現方式的一種動詞形式,英語動詞的時態有16種,但在研究生考試以及其他考試中常考的時態只有幾種。不管何種時態,所包含的主要內容都是相同的,即時態的構成以及用法。這裡著重講解重要時態的用法。

(一)一般現在時(simple present tense)

1. 表示客觀真理或科學事實。

例句: the moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less than that of the earth;in consequence, the force of gravity at the moon?s surface is only one sixth of that at the earth?s surface.

分析: 該句是複合句,定語從句that is nearly...less than that of the earth修飾a mass;in consequence後是另一個並列句。

譯文: 月球的質量差不多是地球質量的1/100,因此月球表面的引力只有地球表面引力的1/6。

例句: one difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. by this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation. (XX年第8題)

分析: 該句由兩個句子構成,前一個是簡單句,後一個句子是複合句;that後是一賓語從句。

譯文: 翻譯中的一個難點在於找到一個相對應的概念。這就是說,在翻譯過程中一種語言的概念會丟失或發生意義上的改變。

2. 表示現在反覆發生或習慣性的動作以及存在的狀態,常與always,often,usually, sometimes, once a week,seldom,never等時間狀語連用。

例句: it?s usually the case that people seldom behave in a rational way when in a furious state.

分析: 該句是複合句,從句that people seldom behave in a rational way是the case的同位語;when後省略了people are。

譯文: 人們在暴怒時通常會喪失理智。

例句: physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中主幹部分為physicians too often offer aggressive treatment...。分詞短語frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient作physicians的後置定語;從句what is scientifically justified作介詞beyond 的賓語。

譯文: 醫生由於不能夠治癒疾病,同時又擔心病人失去希望,因而常常採用極端大膽的治療方法,這些方法遠遠超過了科學所能認同的界限。

3. 表示按計畫進行的將來動作,常用come,arrive,catch,fly,leave,go,start等詞。

例句: when he comes, please inform him of all that i have just told you.

分析: 該句是複合句。該複合句中包含when引導的時間狀語從句和that引導的定語從句。

譯文: 他來時,請轉告他我告訴你的一切。

4. 用在時間或條件狀語從句中表示將來的動作。

例句: he will come the moment he finishes his work.

分析: 該句中的the moment為連詞,意為“一……就”,相當於as soon as。

譯文:他一結束工作就會來。

例句: if it is fine tomorrow, we?ll go shopping.

譯文: 如果明天天氣好的話,我們將去逛商場。

5. 表示主語的能力、性格、個性等。

例句: as an industry, biotechnology stands to rival electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020. (XX年第25題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,surpass前省略了不定式to。

譯文: 作為一門產業,生物技術在營業額上可以與電子業相媲美,並且到了2024年還有可能在社會影響上超過它。

例句: the director treats his staff as equals.

譯文: 主任對其下屬一視同仁。

6. 表示格言或警句。

例句: a fence needs the support of three stakes; an able fellow needs the help of three other people.

譯文: 一個籬笆三個樁,一個好漢三個幫。

例句: histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.

譯文: 讀史使人明智,讀詩使人靈秀,數學使人周密,科學使人深刻,倫理使人莊重,邏輯修辭之學使人善辯。

(二)現在完成時(present perfect tense)

1. 已完成用法: 表示動作在過去某一不明確的時間已完成,強調對現在的影響,這一用法常不帶時間狀語或可與不明確的時間狀語連用,如: already,yet,ever,just,never。

例句: i have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. (XX年第48題)

分析: 該句是複合句。在because引導的原因狀語從句中又加入了由while引導的讓步狀語從句。

譯文: 我之所以將他(普通科學家)排除在外,是因為儘管他的成果可能有助於解決道德問題,但他承擔的任務只不過是研究這些問題的事實方面。

例句:the same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. (選自XX年text 3)

分析:該句是複合句。主句的主幹部分是the same dramatic technological changes have also increased the risk。that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices是一個定語從句,修飾changes;that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible, and much more damaging ways是risk的同位語從句,介詞短語in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways在該同位語從句中作狀語,表示方式,修飾謂語動詞voice。

譯文:同樣是這些重大的技術變革,在給行銷商帶來更多的(以及更多樣化的)傳播渠道選擇的同時,也增加了風險,那就是熱情洋溢的消費者將會以更快、更明顯和更具破壞性的方式表達他們的觀點。

2. 未完成用法: 表示動作從過去某時開始持續到現在,還有可能持續下去,強調持續性,這一用法要帶表示一段時間的狀語,如: recently, these days, for 3 years, since XX, over the past等。

例句: for example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.

分析: 該句是複合句。

譯文: 比如,人們早已知道,完全剝奪其睡眠對老鼠而言絕對是致命的。然而,在檢驗動物屍體時,那些動物看起來是完全正常的。

例句: since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. (選自XX年text 2)

分析: 該句是複合句。句中定語從句that is dangerous,boring,burdensome...修飾work, since...在句中作狀語。

譯文: 自從人類具有了獨創性以來,人們就發明了愈加精巧的工具來處理那些危險、無聊、麻煩或者僅僅是令人討厭的工作。

3. 現在完成時用於時間或條件狀語從句中表示將來完成的動作。

例句: i?ll help you when i have finished my work. i will return the book if i have finished it.

4. 下列表達方式後要用現在完成時。

this (that/it) is the first (second...)...

this (that/it) is the best (finest/worst/most interesting...)...

例句: this is the first time that china has had such negotiations with a g 7 member, the official said.

譯文: 該官員說,這是中國與七國集團成員首次進行這樣的談判。

例句: this is the first time that he has felt really relaxed for months.

譯文: 幾個月來他第一次真正感到放鬆。

注意: 如果主句動詞表示過去時間,從句常用過去完成時;如果主句動詞表示將來時間,從句仍使用現在完成時。

例句: it was the best picture that she had seen.

it will be the best picture that she has seen.

5. 有些時間狀語常用於現在完成時態。

如:

up till nowso farat (for) the past (last) years

in recent yearsup to present

例句: for the past several years, the sunday newspaper supplement parade has featured a column called“ask marilyn”. (選自XX年text 2)

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中called“ask marilyn”作後置定語,修飾a column。

譯文: 在過去的幾年裡,《展示雜誌》周日增刊上出現了一個叫做“向瑪瑞林提問”的特色專欄。

(三)過去完成時(past perfect tense)

1. 表示過去某時刻以前發生和完成的動作,即過去的過去,常用於主從複合句中。

例句: she felt suitably humble just as she had when he had first taken a good look at her city self,hair waved and golden,nails red and pointed. (XX年第4題)

分析: 該句是複合句。when引導的時間狀語從句用的是過去完成時,所以主句只能用過去的時態;由於主句用的是一般過去時felt,那么其時間狀語套用過去完成時,即 as後的完整形式應是as she had felt。

譯文: 她舉止謙遜、得體,就像他當初見到她時她所表現的那樣: 金黃色的捲髮,尖尖的紅指甲。

例句: bolivar had received aid from haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. (選自XX年use of english)

分析: 該句是複合句。he liberated是修飾the areas的定語,在從句前省略了作賓語的關係 代詞which或that。

譯文: 玻利瓦爾接受過海地的援助,作為同報,他承諾在解放的地區廢除奴隸制。

2. 用於hardly...when, scarcely...when(before), no sooner...than(剛一……就)句型中。當hardly,scarcely,no sooner置於句首時,句子結構要倒裝。

例句: no sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest.

hardly had the teacher entered the classroom when the pupils were in absolute silence. (be in absolute silence可譯為“鴉雀無聲”)

3. 用於虛擬語氣條件句中,表示與過去事實相反的假設。

例句: i would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but i was fully occupied the whole of last week. (1997年第4題)

分析: 該句是並列複合句。had it been at all possible是省略了if的倒裝句,完整形式應為 if it had been...;本句but前是一個非真實條件句,表示與過去事實相反的假設。

譯文: 如果有一點可能的話,我都會到醫院去看望他,但我上個禮拜整個一周都沒有空。

4.動詞hope,expect,think,intend,want,mean,suppose,plan,believe等用於過去完成 時,表示未實現的希望、意圖、計畫等。

例句: mr. pelkmans is not among those who had believed that the ec?s single market is threatened by the doubt building over europe?s continued integration.

分析: 該句是複合句。定語從句who had believed...修飾those;that the ec?s single market is threatened...作believed的賓語;分詞短語building over...作定語修飾the doubt。

譯文: 有些人原以為對促進歐洲持續整合懷有的疑慮會威脅到歐共體的統一市場,佩爾克斯曼先生並不這么認為。

注意: 當連詞after指明兩個過去動作的時間先後順序時,after從句中可用過去完成時,也可用一般過去時;在連詞when引導的從句中,有時過去完成時與一般過去時可以互換使用;當before用作連詞引導從句時,主句中過去完成時與一般過去時也可互換使用。

例句: julia left the room after she had turned off (turned off) the light.

when the teacher had left (left) the room, the pupils started talking.

before he entered college, he had served (served) in the army.

(四)一般將來時(simple future tense)

一般將來時表示將來的動作或狀態,其形式和用法如下所述。

1. will/shall+動詞,表示單純的將來含義。

例句: some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (XX年第23題)

分析: 該句是複合句。written and spoken作定語修飾language;that後是一結果狀語從句。

譯文: 有朝一日,軟體既能用來做文字翻譯又能做口頭翻譯,而且能翻譯得很好,以至於對任何通用的第二語言的需求都會下降。

例句: hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with hamlet hamburger bars, the lear lounge, the banquo banqueting room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (選自XX年text 2)

分析: 該句是複合句。which引導的定語從句修飾its own hotel;從句中you may be sure是插入語,從句的主幹部分為which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。

譯文: 希爾頓正在那兒建立自己的酒店,你或許可以肯定它將配有(以莎士比亞劇中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特漢堡包店、李爾王休息室、班柯宴會包間等,而且價格非常昂貴。

2. be going to+動詞,表示按計畫或打算在最近的將來做某事,也可表示對未來的預測。

例句: as long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (1999年第18題)

分析: 該句是複合句。定語從句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分別修飾poor people以及richer people;從句的主幹部分為poor people are in conflict with richer people。

譯文: 一般來說,只要窮人與富人(也就是一般的有色人種和白色人種)之間有衝突,那么這個世界上的種族衝突就不會停止。

例句: clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly contested market. (選自XX年part c)

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 顯然,只有規模最大、應變能力最強的電視傳媒集團才能夠在這個精彩紛呈而又競爭 激烈的市場中生存。

3. be to+動詞,表示按計畫或安排將要發生的動作或要求別人去做的事,常用來表示官方的命令、決定、禁止、許可等。

例句:if gilbert and the philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between america?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (選自XX年text 4)

分析:該句是複合句。其中,在主句中,定語從句it hopes to attract修飾audience。

譯文:如果吉爾伯特和紐約愛樂樂團想獲得成功,他們首先必須改變美國最古老的交響樂團和其想要吸引的新一批觀眾間的關係。

例句: but his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (XX年第49題)

分析: 該句是複合句,本句主幹為his primary task is not to think about...any more than...。定語從句which governs his activity修飾the moral code;其中not...any more than意為“不……也不……”。

譯文: 但是,他的首要任務並不是考慮支配自己行動的道德規範,就如同不能指望商人專注於探討行業規範一樣。

4.be about to+動詞,表示最近即將發生的動作,不接時間狀語。

例句: marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (1999年第9題)

分析: 該句是複合句。定語從句who is not about to pay compliments to...修飾a young man。

譯文: 馬林是個有獨立思考能力的年輕人,他不會恭維他的政治領導人。

例句: his brother, who was a school teacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.

分析: 該句是並列複合句,其中定語從句who was a school teacher修飾his brother。主幹部分為his brother was...,his stomach ulcers were...,one of his children had to..., and his wife was about to...。

譯文: 他的哥哥是一位老師,已身無分文,並患上了胃潰瘍,他的一個孩子要接受一次大手術,他的愛人將要生一對雙胞胎。

5. 位置移動動詞,如: come,arrive,go,fly,catch,start,leave,travel的用法是be+現在分詞,表示按計畫即將發生的一個動作,常跟較近將來時間狀語連用。

例句: the spring festival is coming, and all the urban people are busy engaging in all kinds of preparations.

分析: 該句是由and連線的並列句。

譯文: 春節就要到了,城裡人都在忙著做各種各樣的準備。

6. 動詞come,go,start,leave,arrive,return,begin常用一般現在時表示將來,表示已經預先計畫安排好的或肯定發生的動作,主語常為事物名詞。

例句: by the time you arrive in london, we will have stayed in europe for two weeks. (1994年第1題)

分析: 該句是複合句。arrive用一般現在時表示將來。

譯文: 你到達倫敦時,我們將已經在歐洲待了兩周了。

(五)現在進行時(present continuous tense)

1. 表示此刻正在進行或在目前限定時間內不斷進行的動作。

例句: that may change fast: lots of proposed data security legislation is now doing the rounds in washington d.c..(選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是並列句,冒號後的內容是對前面所提內容的進一步說明。

譯文: 這一切很快就會改變: 很多提議的信息安全法規正在華盛頓逐一討論。

例句:it?s no surprise that jennifer senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “i love my children, i hate my life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life enriching experience. (選自XX年text 4)

分析:該句中,破折號前是一個複合句,其中,it是形式主語,真正的主語是jennifer senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story is arousing much chatter,引號中的內容與其前cover story為同位語關係;破折號後的內容是對前面陳述內容的解釋,suggestion後是一個同位語從句。

譯文:詹妮佛·森尼爾見解深刻、頗具煽動性的雜誌封面文章《我愛我的孩子,我討厭我的生活》引發了熱烈的議論,這不足為奇——沒有什麼比“育兒絕非完全是實現自我、豐富生活的體驗”這樣的暗示更能引發人們的討論了。

2. 表示現階段正在進行的動作,而此刻並不一定在進行。

例句: the future of this company is at stake: many of its talented employees are following into more profitable net based businesses. (XX年第30題)

分析: 該句是並列句,冒號後的內容是對前面內容的進一步解釋。

譯文: 這家公司的未來生死未卜,它的許多有才能的雇員正流失到賺錢更多的網路行業中去。

例句: “data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset, ” says haim mendelson of stanford university?s business school.

分析: 該句是複合句,定語從句which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset修飾an asset。

譯文: 史丹福大學商學院的海姆·門德爾森說: “信息已成為一種資產,需要像其他資產一樣加以保護。”

3. 表示最近按計畫或安排要進行的動作(這一用法見一般將來時用法5)。

4. 在時間或條件狀語從句中,表示將來正在進行的動作。

例句: take care when you are taking an exam.

put him up if he is still finding a dwelling place.

注意: 表示狀態、感覺或情感的動詞不用於現在進行時,如: forget, know, see, notice, love, like, hate, desire, believe, look, think, mind, have, seem, sound, remain等。

(六)將來完成時(future perfect tense)和將來完成進行時(future perfect continuous tense)

1. 表示將來某一時間以前已經完成的動作。

例句: it?s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory will have risen by about 10.

譯文:據報導,到本月底這家工廠的水泥產量將要提升10。

例句: the conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.

譯文: 會議在結束前將持續整個星期。

2. 將來完成進行時則表示一個一直持續到將來某一時間的動作,可能還要持續下去。

例句: he pointed to the deserted house and said,“i will have been living there by the end of this year.”

譯文:他指著那座被遺棄的房子說:“今年年底以前,我會一直住在那裡。”

(七)一般過去時(simple past tense)

1. 表示在確定的過去時間裡發生的動作或狀態,常和表示過去的時間狀語連用,如yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in XX等。

例句: it was within the computer age that the term“information society”began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live. (選自XX年use of english)

分析: 該句是複合句。其中it was...that是強調句型;which引導的定語從句修飾the context;within是定語從句中live後的介詞,即live within the context。

譯文: 正是在這個計算機時代,“信息社會”一詞被廣泛用來形容我們所生活的環境。

例句: the greeks assumed that the language structure had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in europe long before people realized how diverse the language could be. (XX年第61題)

分析: 該句是複合句。that後是一賓語從句,作assumed的賓語;which引導的定語從句修飾前面賓語從句中提到的內容,其中又套了一個由before引導的狀語從句,賓語從句how diverse the language could be作realized的賓語。

譯文: 希臘人認為,語言結構與思維過程之間存在著某種聯繫。這一觀點在人們尚未認識到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲紮下了根。

2. 表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態用used to/would+動詞,前者表示今昔對比,即現在已不存在的過去的情況;而後者表示重複的行為,也可用來表示不規則的習慣。

例句: the defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the iq score,even though iq tests are not given as often as they used to be. (選自XX年text 2)

分析: 該句是複合句。even though引導讓步狀語從句:as often as後是比較狀語從句。

譯文: 雖然智商測試不再像以前那樣頻繁套用了,但是,界定人類智力的術語似乎仍然只是智商的得分。

例句: when the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at fault.

分析: 該句是複合句,其中what was at fault在句中作find的賓語。

譯文: 當發動機啟動不了時,機械師檢查了所有的部件以便找出毛病。

注意: “be used to+名詞或動名詞”,表示“習慣於……,對……已感到習慣”,可以指現在, 也可指過去,不能與“used to+動詞原形”表示“過去常常做……(而現在不)”混淆。

例句: during his year in the hospital, dr.joan was not used to treating patient this way.

譯文: 在醫院那陣子,約翰醫生還不習慣那樣對待病人。

例句:the rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. (選自XX年text 3)

分析:該句是複合句。介詞短語to marketing success 在句中作後置定語,修飾guide;that you got what you paid for是一個表語從句,what you paid for作got的賓語。

譯文:行銷成功的大致策略過去常常就是你花錢買到自己想要的東西。

3. 用於日常對話中,可用來表示現在的動作或狀態,口氣上較為委婉。

例句: i wondered whether you?d attend to my sick daughter while i?m away.

分析: 該句是複合句。

譯文: 我想知道在我外出時,你能否替我照顧生病的女兒。

二、時態一致(tense agreement)

從句和主句謂語動詞應在時態上保持一致。

(一)主句動詞是過去時態時,從句動詞相應採用某種過去時態

例句: darwin was convinced that loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. (XX年第50題)

分析: 該句是複合句,主幹結構為darwin was convinced that...。賓語從句中有not only...but...引導的並列結構;短語be injurious to的意思是“對……產生危害,有害……”。

譯文: 達爾文確信,沒有了這些愛好不只是少了樂趣,而且可能會有損於一個人的思維能力,更有可能導致一個人道德品質的下降。

例句: publication of the letter came two days after lord irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in european legislation would be left to judges rather than to parliament. (選自XX年cloze test)

分析: 該句是複合句。在when引導的從句中,the interpretation of privacy controls...作said的賓語;過去分詞短語contained in european作後置定語修飾the interpretation;主句部分為publication of the letter came;另一從句中的主語lord irvine與he同指一人。

譯文: 艾爾文爵士曾聲稱,對於歐洲法律中所包含的隱私監督條款的解釋工作將交由法官而非議會處理。此言一出,立即引起媒體的強烈抗議。兩天后,他的信公開發表。

(二)下列情況不受時態一致的限制

1. 從句表示一個客觀真理、一個人或物的經常性特點。

例句: the speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health as the united states does.

分析: 該句是複合句。claimed後接一賓語從句,其中not so...as意為“再沒有比……更……的了”。

譯文: 那位演講者聲稱,沒有哪個現代化國家像美國那樣在公共援助和保健事業方面投入的財富比例如此之小。

2. 從句中有表示絕對過去的時間狀語。

例句: several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to reverse, or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s. (1998年第36題)

分析: 該句是複合句,主句部分為several international events...seem likely to reserve,or at least...the trends;定語從句that emerged in the 1980s修飾the trends。

譯文: 20世紀90年代初期發生的若干國際事件似乎有可能使80年代出現的趨勢逆轉或 至少是受到削弱。

例句: specialists in history and economics have shown two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was marked by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. (選自1998年cloze test)

分析: 該句是複合句,冒號後的兩個並列句是前面two things的進一步解釋說明,作其同位語,在後一分句中有兩個並列謂語。

譯文: 歷史學和經濟學方面的專家已證明了兩件事: 從1650年到1750年期間以極度貧 困為特徵,而工業化當然沒有使這種狀況惡化,事實上可能改善了大多數平民的生活條件。

3. 說話者強調動作正在進行或將要發生。

例句: the staff of the airport i met at the lounge just now told me the plane i will take leaves at nine.

分析: 該句是複合句,定語從句i met和i will take前分別省略了whom和which/that。

譯文: 剛才在休息室碰到的一位機場工作人員說我將乘坐的那趟航班9點起飛。

4.從句是一個定語從句時。

例句: whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far reaching consequences for the culture of a society. (XX年第65題)

分析: 該句是複合句,全句的主句為whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism。which引導的定語從句修飾determinism;定語從句中的謂語動詞states後連線兩個由that引導的賓語從句。

譯文: 沃爾夫開始相信某種語言決定論,這種理論堅定地認為語言束縛思維,一種語言的語法模式會對一個社會的文化產生深遠的影響。

例句: if railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. (選自XX年text 3)

分析: 該句是複合句。they argue是插入語;who引導的定語從句修飾shippers;分詞短語 leaving remaining customers to...在句中作狀語表示結果。

譯文: 他們認為,如果鐵路部門對所有客戶都平均收費,那么可以轉而選擇卡車或其他運輸方式的客戶就會那么做。這樣一來,剩餘的客戶就要承擔維持鐵路經營成本的費用。

5.從句是—個比較級結構時。

例句: she used to be much more irritable than she is now.

譯文: 她過去比現在更容易發火。

例句: there ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.

分析: 該句是複合句。其中than後的比較狀語從句中省略了相同部分there,全句應該為 there ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than there exists in the public mind today。

譯文: 覺察到患癌的危險不應像現在這樣在公眾中造成過多的憂慮

三、情態動詞(model verb)

情態動詞所涉及的內容很多,這裡主要介紹在研究生考試中出現的部分情態動詞的重要用法。

(一)表“可能”情態動詞的用法區別

大多數情態動詞都表示“可能”,即說話人的一種推測,can,could表示潛在的可能性或理論上或邏輯推理上存在的可能性;而may,might則表示事實上的可能性,所以might,may,could,can僅表“可能”;should, ought, would, will表示“很有可能”,must表示“肯定”,上述表示可能性的順序是由弱到強。

例句: while comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgment. (XX年第50題)

分析: 該句是複合句,在主句it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgment中,it是形式主語,真正在的主語是to rely on their...and make...;while引導一讓步狀語從句。

譯文: 儘管律師的見解和反應可能會提高報導的質量,但新聞記者最好憑藉自己對重要性的理解自行判斷。

例句: and one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. (選自XX年text 3)

分析: 該句是複合句,that後引導的是says的賓語;從句中not only..., but...是並列結構。

譯文: 一位權威人士說這些異常強烈的大腦活動,不僅可以被駕馭,而且還可以有意識地加以控制,以達到幫助睡眠和建立良好感覺的目的。

例句: greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided. (1998年第5題)

分析: 該句是複合句,to increase agricultural production為不定式作後置定語修飾greater efforts。

譯文: 若要避免糧食短缺,就必須加大力度來增加農業產量。

另如:

you might be right.(你也許是對的。)

you ought to be right.(你很可能是對的。)

you must be right.(你一定是對的。)

例句: thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. (選自XX年text 3)

分析: 該句是複合句。句子主幹是poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps。其中might not be表示對現在的推測,that may be possible only with broader formal education是一個修飾political changes的定語從句。

譯文: 這樣一來,如果沒有政治變革,貧困的國家或許不能擺脫貧困泥潭,而要進行政治變革,唯一的可能就是擴大正規教育。

(二)can和be able to的用法差異

1. can表示現在的能力;be able to表示過去或將來的能力。

例句: the chairman of the board pressed on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ. (XX年第15題)

分析: 該句是複合句。定語從句the firm can no longer afford to employ與先行詞good workers間省略了關係代詞whom;其中短語press sth. on sb.意思為“把……強加於某人”。

譯文: 董事長把解僱那些公司雇不起的優秀員工這件令人頭痛的工作強加於我。

例句: he is too young to be able to discern between right and wrong.(XX年第11題)

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 他太年輕了,還不能分辨是非。

例句: despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year XX, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. (選自XX年text 2)

分析: 該句是複合句,主句為researchers lately have begun to extend...。when引導的定語從句修飾the 1960s and 1970s;在定語從句中又套入一個由that引導的賓語從句;在主句中if not centuries的完整形式是if it is not centuries,it指代主句中描述的內容。

譯文: 儘管在20世紀60年代和70年代人們開始很樂觀,認為電晶體電路和微處理器似乎在XX年前就能夠複製人腦的行為,但是,最近研究人員已經開始把這一預言推遲——不是幾個世紀就是幾十年。

2. could泛指過去能力,也可表示一種輕微的假設,was able to表示由技能產生的能力或表示過去某一特定的能力。

例句: step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. light up the stove and you could burn down the house. (選自1999年text 1)

分析: 這兩個句子都是由and將一個祈使句和一個陳述句連線組成的並列句式。

譯文: 如果你走出去,可能會因門口的墊子滑倒而摔斷腿;生爐子時可能會因此燒毀整間房屋。

例句: during the past generation, the american middle class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. (選自XX年text 3)

分析: 該句是複合句,定語從句that once could count on hard work and fair play to...修飾 family。

譯文: 在過去的幾十年中,經濟上的風險和新的現實已經改變了原來靠努力工作和公平競爭就能保持收入穩定的美國中產階級家庭的境況。

例句: however, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to offset some of the decline in the iron and steel industry. (XX年第19題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中in the fabricated metals industry為介詞短語作定語修飾growth。

譯文: 然而,金屬製造業方面的增長能夠抵消鋼鐵工業方面的衰退。

(三)情態動詞+完成時態

1. must have done表示對過去的肯定推測“一定發生了”。

例句: my pain must have been apparent the moment i walked into the room, for the first man i met asked sympathetically:“are you feeling all right?” (1996年第2題)

分析: 該句是複合句,the moment後引導一個時間狀語從句;定語從句i met前省略了關係代詞whom。

譯文: 當我走進房間時,我的疼痛一定很明顯。因為我遇到的第一個人就同情地問我: “你還好吧?”

2. can?t have done表示對過去的否定推測“一定沒發生”。

例句: you can?t have seen him in his office last sunday; he?s been out of town for several weeks.

分析: 該句是並列句。

譯文: 你上周日不可能在辦公室見到他,因為他已經離開本鎮好幾個星期了。

3. could/may have done表示對過去的肯定推測,語氣弱於must have done“很可能發生了”。

例句: nelson could have won the game, with a little more training and a better manager。

分析: 該句是簡單句,with a little more training and a better manager相當於一個與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的從句,即: if he had had a little more training and a better manager.

譯文: 如果尼爾森再多加強訓練,再有一個好的教練,他就能贏得比賽。

例句: the current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty (in america, but not europe) for data leakage. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是複合句,though not justified的完整形式應是though it is not justified,其中it指代破折號前所敘述的內容。

譯文: 目前此事的狀況可能會被激化,雖然不合理,因為(在美國而不是歐洲)缺乏對信息泄露的法律制裁。

4. couldn?t have done表示對過去的否定推測,語氣弱於can?t have done,肯定意味強些,表“可能沒發生”。

例句: he couldn?t have been robbed in the street last night, in that he was with me the whole night.

分析: 該句實際是一個複合句,其中短語in that為連詞,引導原因狀語從句。

譯文: 他昨晚在街上不可能被搶劫了,因為整晚他都和我在一起。

5. would have done用於與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣中,表假設。

例句: the southern states would not have signed the constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution”, including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句的謂語形式是虛擬語氣,without引導的介詞短語作其條件狀語;that引導了一個定語從句修飾clause。

譯文: 如果對“特殊體制”沒有保護措施的話,南方諸州是不會簽署憲法的。“特殊體制”中包括一個議會代表席位的條款,即一個奴隸得按3/5的人頭計算。

例句: a safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. unfortunately, it was never done. (1996年第6題)

分析: 這是兩個並列句,根據後個句子可以得知這份安全分析從沒有做過,所以前個句子是對過去事實的一種虛擬假設。

譯文: 安全分析本可以鑑別出預定目標是個潛在的危險。不幸的是,從未做過這種安全分析。

例句: some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. (選自XX年text 3)

分析: 該句是複合句,在主從句中都隱含了與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣,分詞短語leading to an underestimate of fish stocks...在句中作狀語表示結果。

譯文: 個別的魚沒有被捕捉,是因為沒有可用來捕捉它們的帶餌的鉤,這就導致了過去對魚類資源的低估。

6. might have done表示本來可能而實際未發生的行為,用在與過去事實相反的假設句中。

例句: we didn?t know her telephone number, otherwise we might have telephoned her.

分析: 該句是兩個並列分句,前一分句we didn?t know her telephone number相當於一個與過去情況相反的虛擬語氣從句,即if we had known her telephone number...。

譯文: 我們不知道她的電話號碼,要不然我們就會打給她。

7. should/ought to +have done表示“本來應該做某事而實際未做”。其否定形式表示“本來不應該做某事,而實際上已做了”。

例句: now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. (選自XX年part b)

分析: 該句是複合句,charging...是分詞短語作狀語表示伴隨;原因狀語從句because後又接一賓語從句。

譯文: 現在他正在起訴這家賭場,起訴該賭場在知道他已經上癮的情況下而未拒絕他入場。

例句: it was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. (選自XX年text 1)

分析: 該句是複合句,as引導一狀語從句,主句中it為形式主語,真正的主語為that this primacy should have narrowed。

譯文: 隨著其他國家日益富強起來,(美國的)霸主地位逐漸下降是不可避免的。

例句:unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn?t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world.(選自XX年text 4)

分析:該句是由but連線的兩個並列分句。其中,在前一個分句中,if they shouldn?t have had kids充當wonder的賓語;在後一個分句中,the message後接一個同位語從句。

譯文:不快樂的父母很少被激發對“自己是否本不該要孩子”的思考,但不快樂的無子女者會時常被“孩子是世界上唯一最重要的事情”這一信息所困擾。

8.needn?t have done表示本來沒必要而實際已發生的行為。

例句: as it turned out to be a small house party, we needn?t have dressed up so formally. (1998年第2題)

分析: 該句是複合句,as在句中引導一個狀語從句,表示原因。

譯文: 原來只不過是一個小小的家庭聚會,我們沒有必要穿戴得如此正式。

例句: you needn?t have done all those calculations! we have a computer to do that sort of thing.

譯文: 你本不需要做這些運算!我們有做這類事情的計算機。

另外: must/can?t be+名詞,表示對現在肯定或否定的推測,意為“一定是”、“一定不是”。

例句: if no surplus is available, a farmer can?t be self sufficient.(選自XX年cloze test)

分析: 該句是複合句。

譯文: 沒有餘糧,農民就不能自給自足。

例句: for there to be successful communication there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present. (1996年第8題)

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 要達到成功交流的目的,所有在場的人都要集中精神,積極參加討論。

9.didn?t need to do表示過去不必做,結果也未發生的行為。

例句: he didn?t need to get up so early as usual because of illness, so he stayed in bed till the afternoon.

分析: 該句是由so連線的兩個並列句。

譯文: 由於生病,他不必像往日那樣早起,一直在床上躺到中午。

副詞

副詞可修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語及整個句子。例句: andrew, my father?s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family?s disappointment. (1997年第3題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中副詞much修飾介詞短語to the family?s disappointment。

譯文: 我父親的弟弟安德魯不會參加野餐,這令全家人非常失望。

一、副詞的分類

1. 時間副詞,如now, yesterday, today, ago, then, lately, soon, shortly, immediately, finally, recently, before, tomorrow。

例句: americans today don?t place a very high value on intellect. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 現在美國人不重視智力。

2. 地點副詞,如here, there, above, below, downstairs, upstairs, home, somewhere, everywhere, elsewhere, down, up, anywhere等。

例句: here is an example, which i heard at a nurses? convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (選自XX年text 1)

分析: 該句是複合句,兩個which引導的定語從句分別修飾an example和a story,前一個 which引導的定語從句為非限制性定語從句,起補充說明作用。

譯文: 比如說,在一次護士大會上,我聽到了一個能很好地發揮幽默效果的故事,因為所有的聽眾都對醫生持有相同的看法。

3. 程度副詞,如fairly, rather, very, almost, too, quite, enough, so, much。

例句: she had clearly no intention of doing any work, although she was very well paid.(1997年第34題)

分析: 該句是複合句,although後面跟的是讓步狀語從句。

譯文: 雖然付給她的報酬豐厚,但她無意去工作。

4. 頻率副詞,如sometimes, often, usually, always, frequently, constantly, rarely, seldom, never, occasionally。

例句: in addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served.

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中built in意為“內嵌式的”。在方式狀語中,that need to be served為定語從句,修飾the functions。

譯文: 此外,根據需要滿足的功能,設計者通常必須選擇家具或設計內嵌式家具。

5.方式副詞,表示動作發生或進行的方式,如quickly,fast,slowly,suddenly,carefully, well, properly, roughly, angrily, rudely。

例句: you would be shocked if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look like the inside of a restaurant.

分析: 該句是複合句,if引導的從句表示與現在相反的虛擬語氣。

譯文: 如果你的臥室內部突然變得和飯店內部一樣,你可能會大吃一驚。

6.疑問副詞,如when, where, how, why, who。

例句: so where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? (選自XX年text 3)

分析: 該句是特殊疑問句。動詞warn的ing形式作headlines的後置定語,表示一種主動關係。

譯文: 那么這次警告人們經濟蕭條到來的頭版新聞又在哪兒呢?

7.關係副詞,如when,where,why。

例句: yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the u.s., when the standard oil trust was broken up.

分析: 該句是複合句,主句是it is hard to imagine...。其中,it是形式主語,真正的主語是to imagine that...to competition; that were feared nearly a century ago in the u. s.是定語從句修飾the same threats; when the standard oil trust was broken up是非限制定語從句修飾a century ago。

譯文: 然而,目前幾家石油公司的合併是否再次給競爭帶來威脅難以預料。因為美國一個世紀前曾由於合併引發了一場競爭危機,造成了標準石油托拉斯的解體。

8.連線副詞,如therefore, then, however, otherwise, hence, so, moreover, yet, consequently, besides, nevertheless, when, where, why, how。

例句: it is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent. (選自XX年use of english)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中it是形式主語,真正的主語是that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century。 followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s作定語修飾the introduction。 although its impact on the media...是一個讓步狀語從句。

譯文: 然而,人們普遍認為,20世紀初出現的計算機以及隨後在20世紀60年代發明的積體電路儘管對傳媒的影響沒有立即顯現出來,但卻徹底改變了發展進程。

9.否定副詞,如rarely,seldom,hardly,scarcely,never。

例句:the magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only madonna and child image on newsstands this week. (選自XX年text 4)

分析:該句是簡單句。其中,分詞短語showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby和 holding a cute baby分別作後置定語,修飾cover和mother。

譯文:展現“魅力媽媽懷抱可愛寶寶”的雜誌封面並非本周報攤上唯一對“聖母與聖子”形象的描述。

例句: growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. (選自XX年text 3)

分析: 該句是複合句,主幹部分是growth demands calories and nutrients to feed expanding tissues。which rarely continues beyond the age of 20是修飾主語growth的非限制性定語從句。後面的破折號起補充說明作用。

譯文: 20歲後很少有人再繼續長高,長高需要熱量和營養,特別是蛋白質,以滿足身體組織生長的需求。

二、副詞的位置

1.修飾形容詞、副詞,副詞常置於它們之前(enough除外)。

例句: the mechanisms at work are manifest in the tendency for such physical activity to utilize the potentially harmful constituents of the stress response. (XX年第14題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中不定式to utilize the potentially harmful constituents of the stress response作狀語表示目的。

譯文: 在此起作用的機制顯然有此傾向,即這種身體活動會利用應激反應中的潛在有害因素。

例句: the newly built science building seems substantial enough to last a hundred.

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中副詞enough作定語修飾形容詞substantial。

譯文: 新建的科學大樓看上去很堅固,一百年也壞不了。

2.修飾實義動詞時,副詞常置於該動詞後或該動詞賓語後面。

例句: the solution works only for couples who are self employed, don?t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together. (1999年第8題)

分析: 該句是複合句,主句部分為the solution works only for couples, 而who are self employed,...是修飾couples的定語從句。

譯文: 這一解決辦法只適用於那些自謀職業、沒有小孩子而且大部分時間待在一起和睦相處的夫妻。

3.頻率副詞和否定副詞一般取中間位置,置於實義動詞之前、系動詞be或第一個助動詞之後。

例句: as for the influence of computerization, nowhere have we seen the results more clearly than in the us, which really have surprised us all.

分析: 該句是複合句,which really have surprised us all是一個非限制性定語從句修飾the results,主句中nowhere置於句首引起倒裝。

譯文: 就計算機化的影響而言,其結果在美國比在其他任何地方都明顯,這真使我們驚奇不已。

例句: naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest, but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable. (選自XX年cloze test)

分析: 該句是一個由but連線的並列句。

譯文: 他自然會努力去獲取低息貸款,但這種貸款並不是經常能貸到的。

4.有些副詞修飾整個句子,常置於句前,並用逗號與句子的其他成分隔開。

例句: traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. (XX年第46題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,句子的主幹部分是legal learning has been viewed as...rather than...。

譯文: 長久以來,法律知識在這類學校里一直被視為律師們所專有的,而不是一個受教育者的知識素養的必要組成部分。

例句: instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. (選自XX年text 1)

分析: 該句是複合句,主幹部分是the new habits create parallel pathways。we deliberately press into ourselves是省略了關係代詞的定語從句,修飾主語the new habits。短語press into的意思是“逼迫,擠入”。另一定語從句that can bypass those old roads修飾主句的賓語parallel pathways,that作從句的主語。

譯文: 相反,我們有意培養的新習慣會形成平行的路徑以避開那些原有習慣的軌道。

5.幾個副詞連在一起,順序一般為方式副詞+地點副詞+時間副詞(或把時間副詞置於句首)。

例句: jane lived isolatedly方式in the town地點for ten years.時間

6.疑問副詞常置於句首。

例句: why do so many americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? (選自XX年text 3)

分析: 該句是複合句,what引導的賓語從句作distrust的賓語。

譯文: 為什麼那么多的美國人不相信自己在報刊上看到的東西呢?

三、副詞的特殊情況

1. 英語中有些副詞有兩種形式: 一種與形容詞形式相同,一種形式是以ly結尾,但其意義和用法有所不同,如:

clean完全地 cleanly乾淨地

close接近地 closely緊密地(表抽象概念)

free免費地,隨意地 freely率直地

hard努力 hardly幾乎不

high高 highly高度地,非常

late遲,晚 lately近來

pretty相當,頗 prettily漂亮地

fair公平 fairly公正地;相當

most最,頗 mostly主要地,多半地

just剛才,正好 justly公正地

direct直接地 directly直接地,坦率,馬上

例句: since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. (選自XX年text 2)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty是定語從句,修飾work。

譯文: 自從人類具有了獨創性以來,人們發明了越來越精巧的工具來應付那些危險、枯燥、繁重或者僅僅是令人討厭的工作。

例句: the american dream is most plausible during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by american capitalism. (1999年第25題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,generated by american capitalism為過去分詞作後置定語,修飾the periods。

譯文: 在美國的資本主義帶來生產率的提高與財富增加的那段時期,美國夢是最有可能實現的。

例句: “in the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we?ve pretty much gone as far as we can go, ”says anthropologist william cameron chumlea of wright state university. (選自XX年text 3)

分析: 引號內的句子是簡單句,主句部分是we?ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,介詞短語in the general population today和at this genetic...在句中作狀語。

譯文: 懷特州立大學的人類學家威廉·卡梅隆·查姆利指出: “在今天的一般人群中,在這種基因和環境水平上,我們已經達到了我們所能達到的高度。”

2.以ly結尾的詞大部分是副詞,但以下由名詞+ly構成的詞卻是形容詞,如:

brotherly scholarly(學者風度的) heavenly(天堂的)

homely friendly masterly(高明的)

likely lovelycostly

childly quarterly(按季度的)manly

leisurely(從容不迫的,悠閒的)

例句: replies show that compared with other americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they?re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. (選自XX年text 3)

分析:該句是複合句,其中分詞短語compared with other americans作狀語表示比較,謂語動詞show後有由and連線的兩個並列賓語從句。

譯文:結果表明,與其他美國人相比,記者更有可能居住在質優價高的地段,有僕人、賓士車及股票。他們不大可能去做禮拜、當志願者或在普通社區居住。

四、副詞的比較級與最高級

副詞的比較級與最高級的變化規則和用法與形容詞的變化相同,但在副詞的最高級前可省掉定冠詞the。

例句: those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.(選自XX年use of english)

分析: 該句是複合句,主幹部分是those...reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those...,其中did代替了與主句相同的謂語部分reacted enthusiastically to funny cartoons,正常語序為...than those...did。另外,分詞短語forced to exercise their smiling muscles作後置定語,修飾主語those;whose mouths were contracted in a frown是一個定語從句,修飾句中的第二個those;suggesting that...是分詞短語作狀語,表示結果,相當於which引導的一個非限制性定語從句。

譯文:那些被迫鍛鍊笑肌的人比那些嘴形收縮得猶如緊皺的眉毛般的人對滑稽的卡通動畫的反應更為強烈,這表明表情也可以影響情緒而非只能是情緒影響表情。

例句:the people who?ve been hurt the worst are those who?ve stayed too long. (選自XX年text 2)

分析:該句是複合句,主句的主幹部分是the people are those,兩個定語從句who?ve been hurt the worst 和who?ve stayed too long分別修飾先行詞the people和those。

譯文:受傷害最深的就是那些待得太久的人。

例句:among other students in his class, he studies (the) hardest.

譯文:他在班上學習最刻苦。

五、易混淆的副詞和形容詞

(一)such,so

such是形容詞,如such+a(an)+單數可數名詞,或such+不可數名詞或可數名詞的複數;so是副詞,如so+形容詞+a(an)+單數名詞。

注意:在so+形容詞+a(an)+單數名詞這一結構中名詞不可改為複數形式。

如so beautiful girls就是錯誤形式,應改為: such beautiful girls。

另外such,so都可接that從句,形式為such...that/so...that,稱之為結果狀語從句。

例句:only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in virginia. (選自XX年text 4)

分析:該句是簡單句,主幹部分是such an act would have required legislative approval in virginia, would have required表示與過去事實相反的推測,only a decade earlier在句中作狀語,表示時間。

譯文:要是再早上XX年,這種舉動必須獲得維吉尼亞州立法委的批准。

例句:the newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of europe and southeast asia that some scholars even accused boas and sapair of fabricating their data. (XX年第43題)

分析:該句是複合句,that引導一結果狀語從句,短語accuse sb. of sth.意為“指責、指控某人某事”。

譯文:這些新近被描述的語言與已經被充分研究的歐洲和東南亞地區的語言往往差別顯著,以至於有些學者甚至指責boas和sapair編造了材料。

例句:such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life. (選自XX年text 2)

分析:該句是簡單句,其中形容詞短語necessary to succeed in school and in life作定語修飾elements。

譯文:這些標準化測試並不能測出在學校和生活中取得成功所必需的重要因素。

例句:the discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that at intervals the speakers stopped for refreshments. (1996年第26題)

分析:該句是複合句。

譯文:討論是那樣的冗長而乏味,以至於發言的人不時地停下來喝點飲料。

(二)very,much

very修飾形容詞原級和副詞;much(或very much)修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞的比較級和最高級。

例句:ted had told me that he always escaped being fined as he had got a very fast sport car.

分析:該句是複合句,其中being fined是動名詞一般式的被動式,在句中作謂語動詞escape的賓語。

譯文:泰德告訴我,因為他有一輛速度很快的賽車,所以總是能逃脫罰款。

例句:mercury?s velocity is so much greater than the earth?s that it completes more than four revolutions around the sun in the time it takes the earth to complete one. (1996年第20題)

分析:該句是複合句,so...that是一個表結果的句子結構,time後是一個省略了關係詞which(或that)的定語從句。

譯文:水星的周轉速度要比地球快得多,以至於在地球繞太陽轉一圈的時間內,水星能繞太陽轉四圈多。

(三)too much,much too(far too)

too much+不可數名詞; much too/far too+形容詞或副詞原級。

例句:the reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today. (選自XX年text 4)

分析:冒號後內容是對其前內容的進一步解釋。

譯文:事實上,真正的原因可能恰恰相反。今天的世界有太多太多的快樂了。

例句:i don?t like eating chocolate. the taste is much too sweet.

譯文:我不喜歡吃朱古力,味道太甜了。

(四)also, too, either

also, too用於肯定句,also多用於正式場合,too多為習慣用法,而either用於否定句。

例句:i support your decision, but i should also make it clear that i am not going to be bound to it.

分析:該句是由but引導的並列句,其中短語be bound to sth.意為“必定,作保證”。

譯文:我支持你的決定,但也應該說清楚,我並不打算非得按照你的決定做。

例句:careless use of words prevents a meeting of the minds of the speaker and the listener, too.

分析:該句是簡單句。

譯文:用詞粗心大意往往也會阻礙說話人和聽話人的思想交流。

例句:mary is not a christian;john is not a christian, either.

譯文:瑪麗不是基督徒,約翰也不是。

例句:but the 47 year old manicurist isn?t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she?d like to, either. (選自XX年text 3)

分析:該句是複合句,其中在not...as...as結構中,第一個as是副詞修飾many,而第二個as是連詞引導狀語從句,表方式。

譯文:但對這位47歲的美甲師來說,現在到她這兒來修剪、銼磨或上油的人卻不如她希望的那么多。

形容詞

一、作定語的形容詞

1. 絕大部分形容詞既可作定語又可作表語,但少數形容詞只能作定語,放在名詞前,常見的有: daily,weekly,monthly,former,latter,woolen,wooden;也有少數形容詞只能作表語,置於be後,這些表語形容詞一般以字母a開頭。

如:

afraid alive alone alike ashamed

awake aware asleep afire

例句: this alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of 80 european television networks, no less than 50 took a loss in 1989. (XX年第48題)

分析: 該句是複合句,含有多個從句,a fact underlined by statistics that後接一定語從句,show後又接一賓語從句,其中no less than可譯為“不少於,至少”;take a loss 譯為“虧本,賠本”。

譯文: 僅這一點就足以證明,要在電視行業里生存下來並非易事,統計數字尤其說明了這一事實: 在歐洲國家的80個電視網路中,多達一半的公司在1989年虧損。

2. 作定語的形容詞一般用作前置修飾語,但在下列情況中,形容詞作後置定語。

(1)名詞詞組的中心詞為some,any,no等構成的合成詞。

例句: i?d say whenever you are going after something belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal. (1997年第21題)

分析: 該句是複合句,從句who is depriving you of the right to have it作anyone的定語, whenever you are going after something belonging to you作say的賓語從句中的狀語。

譯文: 我想說無論什麼時候當你追求某種屬於你的東西時,任何想剝奪你擁有它的權利的人都是在犯罪。

(2)帶有不定式、介詞短語等的形容詞短語。

例句: any student careful enough to take the exam is sure to succeed in the end.

分析: 該句是簡單句,careful enough to take the exam 作定語修飾student。

譯文: 參加考試的任何一位學生只要足夠細心最終就一定會取得成功。

(3)某些形容詞作後置定語。

present,available,involved,concerned,martial(軍事的),general,proper等作後置定語,如:

the member present (出席的成員)

court martial (軍事法庭)

secretary general (秘書長)

例句: i was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite arbitrary. (1998年第37題)

分析: 該句是複合句。

譯文: 我沒有意識到問題的關鍵所在,因此我的抉擇十分武斷。

例句: there were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds,so i only caught a glimpse of him. (1998年第22題)

分析: 該句是複合句。

譯文: 來的人很多,而他只到場一會兒,所以我只見了他一眼。

3. 表度量的形容詞。

例句: there is a heavily polluted river 100 meters long in front of our small playground.

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 我們小操場前有一條長100米被嚴重污染的河。

4. 形容詞並列用作定語時的位置。

限定詞→數量(序數前、基數後)→形狀→大小、長短、高低等度量→新舊→顏色→國籍→ 材料

例句: i have never seen these beautiful round multi colored chinese cloisonne(景泰藍)vases in my first three years in china.

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 在中國的最初三年中,我從來沒有見過這些顏色各異的圓形中式景泰藍花瓶。

二、主客觀意義易混淆的形容詞

主觀意義,如:

contemptuous (表示輕蔑的)

desirous (渴望的)

envious (羨慕別人的)

expressive (表情豐富的)

forgetful (健忘的)

imaginative (富於想像的)

perceptive (感覺敏銳的)

persuasive (能說服的,有說服力的)

respectful (表示尊敬的)

tolerant (容忍的,容許的) 客觀意義,如:

contemptible (輕視的,卑劣的)

desirable (值得要的,想要的)

enviable (令人羨慕的)

expressible (可表達出來的)

forgettable (可忘記的)

imaginable (可想像出來的)

perceptible (可感覺的)

persuasible (可說服的,聽話的)

respectable (可敬的)

tolerable (可容忍的)

例句: the authors are witheringly contemptuous of the bogus equation of tidiness and morality, for example, in corporate “clean desk” policies.

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 作者毫不留情地批評了將整潔與道德相等同的做法,例如,公司內“清潔辦公桌”的政策。

例句: we should be alert to the possibility that individuals, organizations or governments tend to pied a worthy goal in excuse of their contemptible means and selfish interests.

分析: 該句是複合句,that individuals,organizations or governments tend to...作possibility的同位語。

譯文: 我們應當警惕這種可能性: 個人、組織或政府以高尚的目標作為他們採取卑鄙手段 和獲取私利的藉口。

三、the+形容詞(分詞形容詞)

the+形容詞(分詞形容詞)表示一類人或一類事物,後接謂語動詞複數。

如:

the poor (窮人)

the blind (盲人)

the deaf (聾子)

the few/the many (少數人/多數人)

the dying (奄奄一息的人)

the killed (死了的人)

the oppressed (被壓迫的人們)

the aged,the weak,the sick and the disabled (老弱病殘)

the living (活著的人)

例句: the old are cared well in a home for the poor and aged.

譯文: 老人在養老院裡得到了很好的照料。

例句: the poor are very happy, but the rich are sad.

譯文: 窮人很快樂,富人卻不快樂。

少數詞接單數動詞,如: the departed/the deceased (死者), the beautiful (美好的事物), the unexpected (意外情況)。

例句: the deceased has been sent to the funeral parlor.

譯文: 死者已經被送往殯儀館。

四、複合形容詞

有些形容詞由兩部分或更多部分組成,稱為複合形容詞,如:

three year old child (三歲的孩子)

six storied building (六層的樓房)

one eyed donkey (一隻眼的驢)

其他如: prep. /adj. /n. /adv.+p.p.(分詞)

off putting (令人討厭的)

nit picking (找茬的,吹毛求疵的)

free living (生活無拘束的)

hard wearing (耐穿的)

star crossed (命運不佳的,倒霉的)

tender hearted (心腸軟的,慈善的)

well intentioned (善意的,好心的)

例句: people who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in densely populated areas. (1999年第27題)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中those living...相當於those who live in...。

譯文: 住在小鎮上的人似乎往往比住在人口稠密地區的人更為友好。

例句: in this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound producing ability, organizing two sounds delivered at a high rate as one call. (1997年第16題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,organizing two sounds delivered...作伴隨狀語。

譯文: 通過這種方式這些昆蟲能展示它們高超的發音功能,在很高的頻率下發出兩種聲波作為一次鳴叫。

五、一些本身有比較意義的形容詞

英語中絕大多數形容詞都可以用來表示比較意義,但有一部分形容詞本身已經帶有比較的含義, 因此這些詞沒有比較級和最高級形式,如:

only, mere, sole, extreme, supreme, perfect, single, real, utmost, eternal, principal, chief, main, empty, matchless, unique, wonderful, square等。

例句: my favorite radio song is the one i first heard on a thick 1923 edison disc i stumbled upon at a garage sale. (XX年第22題)

分析: 該句是複合句,i first heard on a thick 1923 edison disc與i stumbled upon at a garage sale是兩個定語從句,分別修飾the one和edison disc。

譯文: 在一次現場舊貨出售中我偶然碰到一張1923年的愛迪生唱片,從那張唱片上我第一次聽到了我最喜歡的廣播歌曲。

六、比較結構

(一)同級比較

形式為:...as+(形容詞或副詞)原級+(名詞)+as...

例句: critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. (選自XX年text 2)

分析: 該句是複合句,that commercial genetic testing...作argue的賓語,to which a sample is compared是一個修飾the reference collections的定語從句。

譯文: 批評家們還指出,商業基因檢測的好壞取決於用於樣本對比的參考樣本的好壞。

例句: scientists generally agree that the earth?s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years as much as it has warmed in the 2,000 years since the ice age.

分析: 該句是複合句,that the earth?s...ice age 作 agree的賓語從句。

譯文: 科學家們普遍認為,地球氣候未來50年到1XX年的時間裡會變暖,變暖的程度與自冰河世紀以來的2 0XX年的時間裡變暖的程度一樣。

(二)優劣比較

1.優等比較。

形式為:...比較級+than...

例句: it?s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是簡單句,even more bitter than...修飾a message。

譯文: 讀這一訊息的滋味甚至比抽丁香菸還要苦,但卻不知怎么地帶來了一股清新的氣息。

例句: these recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today?s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener?s choosing. (選自XX年text 1)

分析:該句是由分號連線的並列句。前一個分句中含有形容詞的比較級;後一個分句中副詞moreover表示遞進關係。

譯文:這些錄製音樂價格低廉,到處可以買到,而且其藝術品質往往比當今的現場演奏要高出許多。它們可以在聽眾所選擇的任何時間和地點被“享用”。

2.劣等比較。

形式為:...not so (as)+原級+as...=less+原級+ than

例句: according to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中,分詞短語concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples作後置定語,修飾studies,從句that parents are less happy than childless couples又充當concluding的賓語。

譯文: 結論為 “為人父母者不如無子女者幸福”的多項研究表明,單親父母最不幸福。

例句: their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中those代表lives。

譯文: 他們的生活同其下屬一樣空虛。

(三)最高級表示

1. 優等比較。

形式為: the+最高級+單數名詞或one +of (in短語)/that從句(僅限於形容詞)。

例句: it soon becomes clear that the interior designer?s most important basic concern is the function of the particular space.

分析: 該句是複合句,其中it為形式主語,真正的主語為that the interior designer?s most important...。

譯文: 室內設計者最基本的關注點就是某一特定空間的功能,這一點很快就清楚了。

例句: i believe that the most important forces behind the massive m&a wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers? demands. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是複合句,主幹部分為i believe that..., that require enlarged...demands是修飾falling transportation...and enlarged markets的定語從句,形容詞短語capable of meeting customers? demands修飾operations,其中be the same that...意為“……與……是相同的”。

譯文: 我認為引起這場大規模合併浪潮的最重要的力量與導致全球化的力量是相同的: 運輸與通信費用下降,貿易與投資障礙減少,市場擴大。這一切都需要擴大業務往來以滿足消費者的需求。

2. 劣等比較。

形式為: the+least+原級+(單數名詞或one)+of(in短語)/that從句(僅限於形容詞)。

例句: in class, she is the least talented girl in mastering foreign language that i have ever taught.

分析: 該句是複合句,that i have ever taught是修飾girl的定語從句。

譯文: 她是我在班裡教過的在外語學習方面最缺乏天分的女孩。

3. 比較級表示最高級含義。

形式為: 比較級+ than any other+單數名詞。

例句: the campus of this university is much more beautiful than any other campus.

譯文: 這所大學的校園是最漂亮的。

4. 最高級形容詞前加定冠詞the,但作表語不和他人或物作比較時,可省去the。

例句: i have been busiest these days for writing papers.

譯文: 寫論文的這些天是我最忙的時間。

(四)同類比較

同類事物才能放在一起作比較,不同類的不能放在一起進行比較,例如:

are your jobs more important than jack?

(說法錯誤。你的工作不能和jack比較;應該是和jack的工作相比較,因此該句正確的說法為: are your jobs more important than jack?s?)

the climate of shanxi province is much better than henan province.

(說法錯誤。山西的氣候不能和河南省比較;應該是和河南省的氣候相比較,因此該句正確的說法為: the climate of shanxi province is much better than that of henan province. )

例句: meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than dane?s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the new world for religion. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中主幹是many settlers had slighter religious commitments than dane?s。 dane?s 後省略了religious commitment,as one clergyman learned...是一個方式狀語從句, who mocked...是一個修飾folk的定語從句,they had not come to the new world for religion是that引導的賓語從句,作mock的賓語。

譯文: 同時,許多移居者對宗教的虔誠不如丹的表現,正如一位神職人員從在海邊遇到的一些人那裡聽到的一樣,那些人嘲弄地說道他們來新大陸並不是為了宗教。

(五)排除本身的比較級要藉助other或else

she is taller than any girls in class.

(本句表達錯誤,本句中應該在girl前加other,這就排除了和她本身的比較,另外girl不能用複數,因為she只能比其他某個女孩高,不可能比所有女孩加起來還高,應改為: she is taller than any other girl in class.)

(六)比較級前可用副詞或短語來修飾表示程度

在同級比較as...as結構前可用almost,nearly,just (about),quite等修飾詞。

在優等比較,即“比較級+ than”結構前可用(so) very much,(quite)a lot,a great deal,a bit,somewhat,still,far,by far等修飾詞。

例句: often they chose—and still are choosing—somewhat colder climate such as oregon, idaho, and alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the golden stars. (選自1998年text 4)

分析: 該句是簡單句,in order to escape...作狀語表示目的,of urbanization修飾plagues。

譯文: 他們常常選擇——現在依然這么選擇——居住在那些氣候較冷的地區,如俄勒岡州、愛達荷州和阿拉斯加州,為的是逃避這個“黃金州”(加利福尼亞州)的煙霧、犯罪以及都市化帶來的其他問題。

例句: i also know that people in japan and sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中定語從句that spend far less on medical care修飾countries,than we have是比較狀語從句。

譯文: 我也深知在日本和瑞典這樣醫療開銷很少的國家,人們獲得了比我們更長的壽命和更健康的生活。

(七) more than和more...than

1. more than= over,表示“超過,何止, 極其”,可以修飾名詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞或從句,放在動詞前常譯為“不僅僅,遠,大”。

例句: more than two hundred years ago the united states broke away from the british empire and became an independent country.

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 200多年前,美國擺脫了大英帝國,成為一個獨立的國家。

例句: the more than 50, 000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than ample for destroying every city in the world several times over. (1998年第18題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,短語be ample for sth. /doing sth.意為“足以……”,介詞短語in the hands of various nations today作定語修飾weapons。

譯文: 今天,各國手中掌握的5萬多件核武器足以將世界上的每一座城市毀滅數次。

2. more...than可譯為“與其說……不如說……”,即more a than b,譯為“與其說是b不如說是a”,強調“more”後的a,反義表達是less a than b,譯為“與其說a不如說b”,強調“than”後的b。

例句: what he said is more a story than a joke made for fun.

分析: 該句是複合句,主語是what引導的主語從句,is是謂語,made for fun作後置定語修飾joke。

譯文: 與其說他講述了一個逗人開心的笑話還不如說那是一個相當離譜的故事。

(八) no more than 與 no more...than

1. no more than= nothing more than= only表示“僅僅,只不過”之意。

例句: the individual tv viewer invariably senses that he or she is no more than an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience. (XX年第7題)

分析: 該句是複合句,that he or she is no more than...在句中作sense的賓語。

譯文: 電視觀眾作為個體來說總是覺得,他/她只是眾多不同觀眾中無名無姓的、不值一提的一分子罷了。

2. no more...than...表示“不是……也不是……”或“與……同樣不”之意。

(l)no more+名詞+than+名詞。

例句: i?m afraid you?ve got the wrong person. i am no more a scientist than a mathematician.

譯文: 我想恐怕你們搞錯了,我既不是什麼科學家,也不是什麼數學家。

試比較: she is not more a doctor than a technician. (less a doctor than a technician)

譯文: 與其說她是醫生,還不如說她是技師。

(2)no+形容詞或副詞比較級+than。

例句: the heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. (1994年第4題)

分析: 該句是複合句,由主句和for引導的原因狀語從句組成。

譯文: 心臟和胃一樣都無智力可言,因為它們都受大腦的控制。

例句: mr.mcwhorter?s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of“whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case endings of old english. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是並列句,to be natural和no more regrettable than the loss of...是see的賓語補足語。

譯文: 麥荷特先生研究的學術領域是語言的歷史和演化,他將諸如whom這類辭彙的逐步消失看做是正常的,認為它們與古英語尾格消失一樣不值得惋惜。

(九)not so...as 和 not so much...as

1. not so...as是一般比較級結構,表示劣等比較。

例句: while it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. (XX年第48題)

分析: 該句是複合句,主幹部分是it is not so easy as in dealing with adults。該從句中的it是形式主語,真正的主語是不定式結構to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition,介詞短語in our contact with them在句中作狀語。

譯文: 在和他們的交往中,我們很容易忽視自己的行為對他們的性格產生的影響,但在與成年人的交往過程中,這種情況就不那么容易發生。

2. not so much...as表示“與其說是……不如說是……”之意。

例句: the chief reason for the population growth isn?t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvement in medical care.(1997年第6題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,介詞短語as a result of improvement in medical care作狀語表示原因。

譯文: 人口增長的主要原因與其說是出生率的上升,還不如說是由於醫療保健的改善而引起的死亡率的下降。

例句: it wasn?t so much that i disliked her as that i just wasn?t interested in the whole business. (XX年第9題)

分析: 該句是複合句,包含由not so much that...as that...引導的讓步狀語從句,that i disliked her與that i just wasn?t interested in...為並列結構。

譯文: 與其說我不喜歡她,不如說我只是對整個事件不感興趣。

(十)不用than的比較級

1. the+比較級...,the+比較級...,表示“越……,越……”之意。

例句: the better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (選自XX年part c)

分析: 該句是並列句。

譯文: 他們越是了解國家的運行方式,就越能作出好的報導。

例句: in fact, the more new things we try—the more we step outside our comfort zone—the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives. (選自XX年text 1)

分析: 句中第一個破折號對前面內容作進一步解釋,而第二個破折號後的內容表示前面那樣實踐的結果。

譯文: 事實上,我們嘗試的新事物越多就越能走出自己的舒適區,從而無論在職場上還是在個人生活中都具有更大的內在創造力。

2.(ever)+比較級+and+比較級,表示“日益”之意。

例句: the weather is turning ever colder and colder, and people have to make a fire in their homes in advance.

分析: 該句是並列句。

譯文: 天氣變得越來越冷,人們紛紛提前在家裡生起了火。

3.prefer+動名詞+to+動名詞=prefer to+動詞原形+rather than+動詞原形。

例句: the old man himself prefers to write the letter rather than dictate others.

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 老人寧願自己親自寫信也不願口授他人。

4.以 ior結尾的形容詞接to構成比較級,而不接than,但有些詞可以用接than的比較級來替代,如: junior to(=younger than),senior to(=older than),inferior to(=worse than), superior to(=better than),prior(=before)以及preferable(比……更可取的)。

例句: beethoven is my favorite musician and i consider him as superior to other musicians in the world.

分析: 該句是並列句。

譯文: 貝多芬是我最喜歡的音樂家,我認為他比世界上其他音樂家都要優秀。

七、倍數表示法

(一)表倍數的詞+as+形容詞/副詞原級+as...

例句: the oxygen atom is nearly 16 times as heavy as the hydrogen.

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 氧原子的重量幾乎是氫原子的16倍。

例句: engaged in the part time job, he earned three times as much as his roommate.

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中分詞engaged in...在句中作狀語表示原因。

譯文: 由於從事了兼職工作,他所掙得的是他舍友所掙得的三倍。

(二)表倍數的詞+ that/(the+名詞)+of...

例句: the cotton output in hami area is 3 times that of the grape.

譯文: 哈密地區的棉花產量是葡萄產量的三倍。

(三)表倍數的詞+比較級+than

例句: smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents. (1999年第2題)

分析: 該句是複合句,that it kills...是一個結果狀語從句。

譯文: 吸菸對個人健康危害嚴重,每年吸菸造成的死亡人數比機動車事故的死亡人數多七倍。

例句: when the united states entered just such a glowing period after the end of the second world war, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. (選自XX年text 1)

分析: 該句是複合句,after the end of the second world war在句中作狀語,形容詞短語eight times larger than any competitor修飾market,分詞giving its industries...在句中作結果狀語說明it had a market...any competitor的結果。

譯文: 第二次世界大戰結束後,美國恰好進入這樣一段輝煌時期,當時,它擁有的市場是任何競爭對手的八倍,這使美國工業達到了一個無與倫比的經濟規模。

(四)用倍數動詞double,triple, quadruple分別表示增加了一、二、三倍

例句: the handling capacity of the qingdao harbor has tripled in two years.

譯文: 青島港的吞吐量兩年間翻了兩番。

(五)表示增減意義的動詞

1. 用表示增減意義的動詞(如increase,rise,grow,go up,decrease,fall,drop,lower, reduce)+to+...times表示“增加到……倍或減少到……倍”。

例句: as a result, california?s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent—little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other western states. (選自1998年text 4)

分析: 該句是簡單句,破折號後的內容,即形容詞短語little more than two thirds...and...對前面內容作進一步補充說明。

譯文: 結果,20世紀70年代加利福尼亞州的人口增長率降到了18.5。這個數字比60年代增長率的2/3略高,但明顯低於西部其他各州。

2. 用表示增加或減少的動詞+by+...times表示“增加了或減少了……倍”。

例句: and since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2 a year, which is more than twice the 1978—1987 average. (選自1998年text 2)

分析: 該句是複合句,定語從句which is more than twice...修飾about 2 a year。

譯文: 1991年以來,生產率每年大約增長2,這一比率是1978年到1987年平均增長指數的兩倍。

3. 表增減意義的動詞+數字或表增減意義的動詞+by a factor of+數字(增加時,譯作“增加了n-1倍”,減少時譯作“減少了(n-1)n倍”)。

例句: the grain output in our country has increased four times.

譯文: 我國糧食產量增加了3倍。

例句: the coal output has been lowered by a factor of 5.

譯文: 煤的產量減少了4/5。

(六)表示增加意義的形容詞/副詞

1. again +as+形容詞/副詞原級+as表示“是/為……的兩倍”之意。

例句: the car factory is again as large as the electronic infrastructure factory.

譯文: 汽車廠是電子基礎設施廠的兩倍大。

2.half again+as+形容詞/副詞原級+as表示“增加了一半”之意。

例句: this liberation bridge is half again as long as the victoria.

譯文: 解放大橋是維多利亞大橋的1.5倍。

代詞

一、人稱代詞

(一)人稱代詞的主格、賓格

人稱代詞的主格在句中作主語、表語,賓格作及物動詞或介詞的賓語,主格和賓格不可混用。

例句: when school was over, jack and me went home together.

分析: me應改為i,因為它處在主語的位置上。

例句: each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect. (1996年第14題)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中which a person smokes是修飾each cigarette的定語從句,he指代前面的a person。

譯文: 一個人吸的每一支煙都對他的身體有害,最終他將因吸菸患上一種嚴重的疾病。

(二)it的用法

1. 代替除人以外的一切生物或事物(可代替單個詞、詞組或句子)。

例句: the ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes. (XX年第19題)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中he composes是省略了關係代詞which/that的定語從句,修飾the moment, 而almost as much as the composer作狀語修飾enjoys。

譯文: 理想的聽眾是當音樂奏響時既能置身其中又可超然其外的人,並且幾乎可以像作曲家在創作音樂時那樣享受音樂。

例句: you have saved my life and i will never forget it.

分析: it指you have saved my life。

譯文: 你曾經挽救過我的生命,我決不會忘記這件事。

2. 表示時間、距離、天氣等自然現象。

例句: it is time now to tell the americans they are on the wrong track.

譯文: 現在是時候告訴美國人他們走錯路了。

例句: she didn?t come back until it was 12:00.

譯文: 直到12點她才回來。

例句: it is about 50 miles to school.

譯文: 到學校大概50英里。

3. 作形式主語(真正的主語為動名詞、不定式或主語從句)

例句: but it?s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress free, happiness enhancing parenthood aren?t in some small,subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是複合句。其中it是形式主語,真正的主語是to wonder if the images aren?t contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience;we see every week of stress free, happiness enhancing parenthood是一個定語從句,修飾the images;介詞短語in some small,subconscious way作狀語,表示方式。

譯文: 我們想知道每周看到的“毫無壓力、提升幸福感”的為人父母形象是否在以某種細微的、潛意識的方式加劇我們對現行生活體驗的不滿呢?這很有意思。

例句: in fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the canadian constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

(XX年第49題)

分析: 該句是複合句。it是形式主語,定語從句who do not have a clear grasp...constitution修飾journalists,can do是賓語從句how...的謂語部分。

譯文: 事實上,很難想像那些對加拿大憲法的基本要點缺乏清晰了解的新聞記者能勝任政治新聞的報導工作。

4. 作形式賓語

例句: the financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. (選自XX年text 2)

分析: 該句是簡單句。其中it作形式賓語,真正的賓語是to be between jobs or to leave a bad one,more acceptable作賓語補足語。

譯文: 金融危機已經使得等待工作機會或者辭去糟糕的工作這種行為更容易被人接受了。

例句: there are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter what he does. (1998年第7題)

分析: 該句是簡單句。no matter what he does在句中作狀語,表示讓步,分詞短語making...作over 100 night schools的補足語。

譯文: 這個城市有100多所夜校,這使得專業人員無論從事什麼工作都有可能接受再教育。

5. 引出強調句(強調謂語以外的其他成分)

用強調句型: it is/was+被強調部分+that(who/whom/which)+其他部分,被強調部分常為主語(從句)、賓語(從句)、狀語(從句),強調狀語時不能用when或where,要用that,翻譯成漢語時被強調部分常用“是”、“正是”等來表示強調含義。判斷是不是強調句的標準是去掉“it is/was”和“that(who/whom/which)”,如果餘下部分是一個完整的句子,說明原句是一個強調句,否則就是一個由it作形式主語的句子。

例句: it was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th century world of the motor car and the airplane. (選自XX年use of english)

分析: 該句是複合句。分詞短語beginning with...作主語the communications revolution的補足語,該強調句強調狀語during the same time。

譯文: 與此同時,通訊革命也在加速發展,從交通運輸、鐵路開始,發展到電報、電話、無線電和電影再到20世紀的汽車和飛機。

例句: perhaps it is humankind?s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. (選自1998年text 1)

分析: 該句是簡單句。句子主幹為humankind?s long suffering...makes...so fascinating。其中短語at the mercy of...意為“聽憑……擺布,完全受……支配”。

譯文: 也許正是由於人類長期聽任旱澇之災的擺布,才使得讓洪水聽從人類的調遣這種理想令人如此痴迷。

二、物主代詞

(一)物主代詞包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞

形容詞性物主代詞只能修飾名詞而不能代替名詞,而名詞性物主代詞可以代替名詞詞組,即“形容詞性物主代詞+前面所提到的名詞”。

例句: all the off shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read affectionate letters from their families. (1998年第35題)

分析: 該句是複合句。出現了as引導的時間狀語從句。

譯文: 海洋石油勘探隊員們讀情深意濃的家書時個個情緒高漲。

例句: he does not qualify as a teacher of english as his pronunciation is terrible, but hers is quite good.

分析: 該句是並列句。第一部分是個複合句,出現了as引導的原因狀語從句。

譯文: 他因為糟糕的發音而不夠資格當英文老師,但她的發音卻非常好。

(二)不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞修飾名詞。

如:不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞同時修飾一個名詞時,男性物主代詞置於女性物主代詞前。

例句: who do you like best, his or her friends?

譯文: 你最喜歡他的還是她的朋友?

(三)名詞性物主代詞(除its外)可與介詞of搭配,構成雙重所有格

a/an/some/any/no/another/each/such/several/which/this/that/these/those+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。

如:

a book of mine

no fault of hers

that pen of his

例句: in march 1998, a friend of williams?s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for additions, and wrote to inform the casino of williams?s gambling problems. (選自XX年part b)

分析: 該句是簡單句。got和wrote是兩個並列的謂語動詞。

譯文: 1998年3月,威廉士的一個朋友把他強行送入一家戒賭治療中心,並寫信通知賭場有關威廉士的賭博問題。

三、反身代詞

反身代詞在句中作賓語、表語和同位語,使用時注意反身代詞與其指代對象在人稱、數和性上保持一致。

例句: according to one belief, if truth is to be known, it will make itself apparent, so one had better wait instead of searching for it. (XX年第3題)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中had better+ do意為“最好做某事”。

譯文: 按照一種觀點,真理若想眾人皆知,真理就應該顯而易見,所以人們最好是等待而不是去探尋它。

例句: prof. white, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to avail myself of every chance to improve my english. (1999年第35題)

分析: 該句是簡單句。avail oneself of...意為“利用(機會等)”。

譯文: 我敬愛的導師懷特教授經常提醒我抓住每個機會提高英語水平。

例句: the house belongs to myself.(作介詞賓語)

you yourself did wrong to him.(作同位語)

四、相互代詞

相互代詞只有each other和one another兩種,通常前者表示兩者之間的相互關係,後者表示兩者以上的人或事物之間的相互關係。

例句: language, culture, and personality may be considered independently of each other in thought,but they are inseparable in fact. (1996年第31題)

分析: 該句是由but引導的並列句。

譯文: 在意識形態中,語言、文化和個性可能被認為是相互獨立的,但事實上它們是不可分割的。

例句: in europe, as elsewhere, multi media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. (XX年第47題)

分析: 該句是複合句。句子主幹為multi media groups have been increasingly successful groups。定語從句which bring together...修飾groups,其中television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses作bring的賓語,即bring...together, 另一個定語從句that work in relation to one another修飾其前面的幾個名詞。

譯文: 在歐洲,像在其他地方一樣,傳媒集團擴張越來越成功,這些集團將相關的電視、 廣播、報紙、雜誌和出版社組合在一起。

注意: 相互代詞的所有格形式為each other?s,one another?s,其後接不可數名詞或可數名詞的複數形式,不能接單數可數名詞。

五、指示代詞

(一)this,that和these,those

指示代詞this和that的複數形式分別為these和those,在句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語,this和these表示較近的空間或時間,that和those表示較遠的空間和時間。

例句: in the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women pursuing this field is climbing.

分析: 該句是並列句。

譯文: 過去林業工人多半是男人,可如今從事這一行業的婦女人數在增加。

例句: we are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (XX年第62題)

分析: 該句是複合句,主句為we are obliged to them。because引導一個狀語從句,定語從句who spoke them修飾the peoples,as引導的句子可以看做插入語,補充說明 some of these languages have since vanished的原因。

譯文: 我們之所以感激他們(兩位先驅),是因為在此以後,這些語言中有一些已經不復存在了,這是由於使用這些語言的民族或是消亡了,或是被同化而喪失了自己的本族語言。

(二)指示代詞that和those也可用於比較結構,表示前面提到的東西,避免重複

例句: the number of registered participants in this year?s marathon was half that of last year?s. (1996年第7題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,本句的主語是單數名詞number,因此後面指代它的代詞只能是單數that,謂語用單數。

譯文: 今年登記參加馬拉松賽跑的人數是去年的一半。

例句: his function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (XX年第47題)

分析: 該句是複合句,主句為his function is analogous to that of a judge。定語從句who must accept...修飾a judge,介詞短語in as obvious a matter as possible作狀語,用來說明reveal的方式,另一個定語從句which led him to his decision修飾the course of reasoning。

譯文: 他的職責與法官相似,必須承擔這樣的責任: 用儘可能明了的方式來展示自己作出決定的推理過程。

例句: these bunches of flowers are more beautiful than those we bought yesterday.

譯文: 這些束花比昨天我們買的那些花漂亮多了。

(三)指示代詞such在句中作主語、表語和定語

例句: such is what you want me to do.

such are the meanings of authentic love.

(such作表語時,往往置於句首)

注意: such用作定語時和副詞so的區別在前面副詞一節中已提到。

(四)指示代詞same的用法

在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語,其前與定冠詞the連用。

例句: vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. (選自1996年cloze test)

分析: 該句是複合句。

譯文: 因為是由同樣的元素構成——通常是碳、氫、氧,有時還有氮,所以各種維生素都很相似。

六、疑問代詞

疑問代詞用來構成特殊疑問句,其中who(whom/whose)指人,what指物,which指選擇對象。

例句: what?s the difference between love and fondness or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? (選自XX年text 2)

分析: 該句是由or連線的兩個簡單句(特殊疑問句)。

譯文: 愛情與喜歡有什麼區別,幸運和巧合的本質是什麼?

七、關係代詞

關係代詞包括who(whom,whose),that和which。that只能引導限制性定語從句,其他關係代詞既可引導限制性定語從句也可引導非限制性定語從句,具體用法詳見定語從句一節。

八、不定代詞

(一)both,all

1. both用於兩者,all用於三者及三者以上,其後接名詞複數形式,謂語動詞用複數,在句中可作主語、賓語、定語和同位語。

例句: similar elements in the prehistoric remains from both areas suggest that indians and their neighbors had maintained distant but real connections even before 1,500 bc.

分析: 該句是複合句,suggest是主句的謂語動詞,that indians and their neighbors...是一個賓語從句。

譯文: 來自兩個地區的史前遺蹟中的類似成分表明: 印度人和他們的鄰居甚至在公元前15XX年前就維持著遙遠但真實的聯繫。

例句: in the early industrialized countries of europe the process of industrialization—with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. (XX年第74題)

分析: 該句是並列複合句,whereas連線兩個並列分句,其中前一個分句的主句部分為the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century,而介詞短語with...為主語補足語,定語從句that followed修飾changes。

譯文: 在早先實現工業化的歐洲國家中,其工業化進程以及隨之而來的對社會結構有深遠影響的變革延續了將近一個世紀,而現如今,一個開發中國家只用十年左右的時間就可以經歷同樣的過程。

2. all作代詞時,其後謂語動詞可以是單數也可以是複數。

例句: all the information we have collected in relation to that case adds up to very little.

分析: 該句是複合句,其中主幹部分是all the information...adds up to very little,we have collected in relation to that case 是修飾the information的定語從句。

譯文: 我們蒐集到的與那件事有關的所有信息都是沒有意義的。

例句: all but he and i are going to attend the meeting.

譯文: 除了我和他之外,所有人都去開會了。

3. both,all,every和not連用時表示部分否定。

例句 :but not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system(the“emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. (選自XX年text 3)

分析: 該句是由分號及while連線的並列句,分號相當於連詞and,not all...表示部分否定。

譯文: 但並不是大腦的所有部分都參與活動,控制情緒的大腦部位異常活躍,然而控制智力和推理能力的前額皮質卻相對平靜。

例句: not everyone sees that process in perspective. (選自XX年use of english)

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 不是每個人都能正確看待這個過程。

(二)either, neither, any, each, none, every, some

1. either和neither是一對反義詞,表示“兩者中任何一個都(不)”,作名詞或形容詞。

用法為:

either (neither) of the+複數名詞+動詞單數

either (neither)+單數名詞+動詞單數

如:either/neither of these stories (either/neither story) he told us is as attractive and instructive as that one.

例句: neither kind of sleep is at all well understood, but rem (rapid eye movements) sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.

分析: 該句是並列句。

譯文: 人們對這兩種睡眠都沒有完全了解,但認為快速眼動睡眠有使大腦恢復的功能。

2. either指兩者中的任何一個,僅限兩者,而each用於兩者以上;either和both可互換使用,但both強調整體。

例句: the relationship between latin american music and black music in the united states is evident in the unaccented beats that are common to either/both.

分析: 該句是複合句,定語從句that are common to either/both修飾beats。

譯文: 拉丁美洲音樂同美國黑人音樂的關係明顯地表現在這兩種音樂各自存在著無重音 節拍這一共同點上。

例句: we also expect each place to be appropriate to its use.

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 我們也希望每個地方都恰如其分。

3. any和none是一對反義詞,表示“三者或三者以上中的任何一個都(不)”,其後謂語動詞 的單複數參看例句。

例句: although professor green?s lectures usually run over the fifty minute period, none of his students ever object(s)as they find his lectures both informative and interesting.

分析: 該句是複合句。

譯文: 雖然格林教授的課通常超過規定的50分鐘,但他的學生從無一人表示反對,因為他們發現格林的課既富有知識性又有趣。

例句: if any man here does not agree with me, he should put forward his own plan of improving the living conditions of these people.

分析: 該句是複合句。

譯文: 如果在座的有人不贊成我的觀點,那么他就應該提出他自己的改善這些人生活條件的方案。

4. any和some的主要區別在於any用於否定句、條件句和疑問句;some用於肯定句,表示期待對方的肯定答覆或以問句形式向對方提出要求或邀請。

例句: he has failed me so many times that i no longer place any reliance on what he promises. (1997年第23題)

分析: 該句是複合句。

譯文: 他多次辜負了我的期望,以至於我不再相信他作出的任何承諾。

例句: the idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. (選自XX年use of english)

分析: 該句是複合句,主幹部分是the idea is one of those hypotheses。that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others是idea的同位語從句,that dare not speak its name是hypotheses的定語從句。

譯文: 認為某些群體的智商要高於其他群體是一個無人敢說出來的假想。

5. every只能用作形容詞,everyone指人,而every one既可以指物也可以指人。

例句: without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of practically every business operation in the whole country. (1998年第32題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,本句隱含了一個與現在情況相反的虛擬語氣,without telephone相 當於if there were no telephone。

譯文: 如果沒有電話,全國幾乎所有的商業運作都不可能正常進行。

例句: there is an incorrect assumption among scientists and medical people that everyone agrees on what constitutes a benefit to an individual.

分析: 該句是複合句,that everyone agrees on...作assumption的同位語從句,what constitutes a benefit to an individual作介詞on的賓語。

譯文: 科學家和醫務人員普遍持有一種不正確的假設,即:人們在什麼構成了個人利益問題上意見一致。

(三)one,the other和another

1. 兩者中一個用one表示,另一個用the other表示,不定數目中的另一個用another表示。

例句: however, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different. (選自XX年text 1)

分析: 該句是複合句,主句部分為their behavior became markedly different。 when引 導的時間狀語從句中又插入了so that引導的目的狀語從句,從句中what the other...作observe的賓語。

譯文: 但是當兩隻猴子被放在隔開但相鄰的兩個房間中,而且每隻猴子還能看到對方用岩石交換了什麼物品之後,他們的行為就發生了巨大變化。

例句: we had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let?s have another one this month.

分析: 該句是並列句。

譯文: 上個月我們舉行了一場晚會,很有意思。因此,我們這個月再舉行一場類似的晚會吧。

2. 表示三者並對三者加以說明。

表達方法如下:

one...another...and the other

one...a second...and the third

例句: i have three sisters, one is a nurse, another (a second) is a teacher, and the other (and the third) is a doctor.

註: 表示四者並對四者都加以說明的表達方式是:one...another...a third...and the fourth (the other)...。

3. one作代詞時,前用形容詞或the,this,that,which,any,some,each,every等來修飾,另有one of the+複數名詞+單數動詞。

例句: that means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. (選自XX年text 3)

分析: 該句是複合句,means後的賓語從句省略了連線代詞that,what is in the sea作介詞 of的賓語,so引導的另一個分句中的the one代替前面的名詞difference,分詞短語recorded by...作後置定語修飾the one。

譯文: 這意味著更高比例的海洋物種正在被捕撈,因此現在和過去的真正差異可能比根據漁獲量的變化所記錄的更糟糕。

例句: one of the responsibilities of the coast guard is to make sure that all ships dutifully follow traffic rules in busy harbors. (XX年第13題)

分析: 該句是複合句,從句that all ships...harbors作make sure的賓語。

譯文: 海岸警衛隊的責任之一就是確保所有船隻在繁忙的港口嚴格遵守航運規則。

注意: that和one都可用來代表句子前面部分中的名詞以避免重複: one指代可數名詞, 為不確定指代,其複數形式為ones;that指代可數和不可數名詞,為確定指代,其複數形式為those。

例句: no bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中that代替前面的bread,分詞短語earned by his own labor作定語修飾that。

譯文: 什麼麵包也不如自己勞動掙得的麵包香。

例句: julia tried to find a good book on physics, but the bookstore she went to yesterday did not have one.

分析: 該句是並列句,其中第二個分句是一個複合句,she went to yesterday是修飾the bookstore的定語從句。

譯文: 朱麗亞想找一本物理學方面的好書,但昨天她去的那家書店沒有。

4. another後接單數名詞,表示的意思是“另一個,又一個(one more);另外的,別的(some other);不同的(a different)”。

例句: her mother will be back in another moment, and we have to wait for her.

分析: 本句是以and連線的並列句。

譯文: 她媽媽再過一會兒就回來,我們還是等等她吧。

例句: we will visit the history museum another day.

譯文: 我們改天參觀歷史博物館。

例句: he is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will expire at the end of this month. (1998年第34題)

分析: 該句是由yet連線的並列句。

譯文: 他正計畫再到國外去旅遊,但是他的護照這個月底就到期了。

5. other通常接複數名詞,在any other,every other, no other,some other,the other,one other後,名詞也可用單數形式。

例句: as far as i am concerned, his politics are rather conservative compared with other politicians?. (1997年第19題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中as far as i am concerned為插入語,other politicians?相當於other politicians? politics,分詞短語compared with other politicians?在句中作狀語表示時間或條件,相當於when/if his politics are compared with other politicians?。

譯文: 依我看,與其他政治家的政治觀點相比,他的觀點更加保守。

例句: no other book has had a greater influence on my life.

譯文: 任何書對我一生的影響都沒有這本書大。

例句: wilson found there was only one other guest besides himself.

譯文: 威爾遜發現除了他自己外只有一個客人。

注意: other與數目連用時其位置如下:

基數詞+ other+複數名詞;

the other+基數詞+複數名詞或the+基數詞+other+複數名詞。

(四)few,a few; little,a little

few和a few修飾可數名詞;little和a little修飾不可數名詞;a few和a little具有肯定含義;few和little具有否定含義;the few和the little表示肯定含義。

例句: a few premiers are suspicious of any federal provincial deal making.(選自XX年part b)

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 一些省督們對由聯邦政府聯合各省進行談判的做法心存懷疑。

例句: the roles expected of old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness. (XX年第7題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中分詞短語expected of old people在句中作定語修飾the roles。

譯文: 在此情況下,對老年人角色的期望使得他們幾乎無法得到心理上的滿足,也就無法享受正常的幸福生活。

例句: living in the central australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least.

分析: 該句是複合句,of which obtaining water is...是一個非限制性定語從句修飾 problems,the least是the little的最高級表示肯定意義。

譯文: 居住在澳大利亞沙漠中心有其自身的問題,其中,獲取水是很嚴峻的問題。

例句: they may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. (XX年第50題)

分析: 該句是並列複合句,定語從句which involve moral judgment修飾problems,but前後是兩個並列句。

譯文: 他們可以教得很好,而且不僅僅是為了掙薪水,但他們大多數人卻很少或沒有對需要進行道德判斷的關於人的問題講行獨立思考。

(五)most

most表示大多數、大部分或最大數量、最大程度等,作代詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞。

例句:it?s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because reese and angelina make it look so glamorous:most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. (選自XX年text 4)

分析:該句是複合句。在主句中,it是形式主語,真正的主語是to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children;在原因狀語從句中,it代表前面提到的to want children;冒號後的內容是對前面內容的解釋。

譯文:很難想像,僅僅因為里斯和安吉麗娜使“生孩子”看起來頗具魅力,很多人就愚蠢地跟風效仿:大多數成年人都明白撫養孩子並不像理髮那樣簡單。

例句: most newspapers, while devoting the major part of their space to recent events, usually manage to find room on the inside pages for articles on some interesting topics. (XX年第17題)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中主句為most newspapers usually manage to find room on the inside pages...topics。從句while後的完整形式應為while they are devoting the major part of their space to recent events。

譯文: 大多數報紙將主要版面用來報導近期發生的事件,但通常也會在內頁留出空間刊登一些趣聞。

例句: most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.

分析: 該句是複合句,that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant在句中充當表語從句,定語從句whose brain is...rapidly修飾the infant。

譯文: 其原因往往是母親對大腦已做好快速學習語言準備的嬰兒所發出的信號不敏感。

1. 單獨使用時,most前無冠詞。

例句: some of the people stayed behind, but most went.

分析: most=most people,動詞用複數。

2. most後帶有限制性定語從句時,前加the。

例句: the most this hall can seat is 1,000.

分析: 這是一個複合句,this hall can seat這個定語從句修飾the most。seat是動詞,意為“為……提供座位”。

譯文: 這個大廳最多能容納一千人。

3. most of the+複數名詞表示“大多數……”;most of+形容詞性物主代詞+單數名詞表示“大部分……”。

例句: mr.pollard has visited most of the countries in europe.

譯文: 波勒德先生已經訪問了歐洲大多數國家。

例句: most of her book deals with problems in political economy.

譯文: 她的書大部分都是論述政治經濟方面的問題的。

例句: moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. (選自1998年text 2)

分析: 該句是並列複合句,and前一分句中that companies make是一定語從句修飾the changes,後一分句中this指代前面句子的所有內容,冒號後的內容作解釋。

譯文: 此外,公司改革的目的大部分是為了盈利,這種需求並不一定總是能夠提高生產率: 轉入新的市場或改善產品質量也能獲得同樣的效果。

4. most作副詞時構成形容詞或副詞的最高級;在通俗英語中most=very,修飾形容詞或副詞,most與mostly的區別在於後者作“大部分”講(=for the most part)。

例句: the eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all indians but seems to be indifferent to the welfare of his animals. (XX年第14題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,is與seems to是兩個並列謂語。

譯文: 愛斯基摩人可能是所有印第安人中最信任別人也最體貼他人的人,然而他們對自己的動物的福利卻好像漠不關心。

例句: what mr.jelly said is mostly(=for the most part) correct.

譯文: 傑勒先生說的話大部分是正確的。

5. most+名詞,表示泛指;most of the+名詞,表示特指。

例句: most chinese like fast food.(泛指)

most of the people in this district are fond of cctv5.(特指)

九、連線代詞

連線代詞包括who, whom, whose, what, which, that。其中除what外,其他連線代詞也可作關係代詞,其區別在於連線代詞引導的是主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句等名詞性從句,而關係代詞引導的是定語從句。

(一)引導主語從句

例句: that the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the middle ages.

分析: 該句是複合句,that the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system在句中充當主語。

譯文: 太陽是我們行星系的中心(而不是地球)這一概念在中世紀是很難讓人明白的。

例句: it may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience;but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (XX年第46題)

分析: 該句是由轉折連詞but連線的並列句,其中第一個分句中it作形式主語,真正的主語是that the measure of the worth...,of any social institution是worth的後置定語,in enlarging and improving experience是its effect的後置定語。

譯文: 或許可以說,要衡量任何一種社會制度的價值就要看它在豐富和提升人們經驗方面的影響,但是這種影響並不是其最初動機的一部分。

(二)引導賓語從句

例句: he adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully”. (XX年第49題)

分析: 該句是複合句,that引導的賓語從句結構是he was superior to..., 其中包含了由which引導的定語從句,in noticing things與in observing them carefully是並列結構。

譯文: 他又自謙地說,或許自己“在注意到容易被忽略的事物,並對其加以仔細觀察方面優於常人”。

例句: i apologize if i had offended you, but i assure you it was unintentional. (1998年第3題)

分析: 該句是並列複合句,其中短語assure sb. that...意為“向某人保證某事”。

譯文: 如果我冒犯了你,我向你道歉,但我保證那不是故意的。

(三)引導表語從句

例句:one of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that gilbert is comparatively little known. (選自XX年text 1)

分析:該句是複合句。其中,why the appointment came as such a surprise是一個定語從句,修飾reasons,however作插入語,介詞短語as such a surprise作狀語,修飾came;主句的主幹部分是one of the reasons is that gilbert is comparatively little known。

譯文: 然而,該任命顯得如此突然的原因之一就是吉爾伯特比較不為人知。

例句: the notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. (選自XX年text3)

分析: 該句是複合句,that people have failed to...changes是一個表語從句,which have happened in the ocean作changes的定語,because後引導一個原因狀語從句。

譯文: 這個概念是說人們沒有注意到發生在海洋里的巨大變化,因為人們只是回顧了過去很短一段時間。

(四)同位語從句(通常由that引導,也可由whether,what,when,where,why,how引導,進一步說明其前名詞的具體內容和含義)

例句:allen?s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature. (XX年第46題)

分析:該句是複合句,主幹部分是allen?s contribution was to take an assumption and reveal its erroneous nature。其中we all share是一個定語從句,修飾assumption;that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts是一個同位語從句,與assumption為同位語關係。

譯文:愛倫的貢獻在於他提出了一個公認的假設並揭示了其錯誤本質,即“我們不是機器人,因此我們能控制自己的思想”。

例句: but the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. (XX年第48題)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中主幹結構為the idea...rests on an understanding..., that the journalist must...an ordinary citizen是the idea的同位語從句。

譯文: 新聞記者應該比普通公民更加透徹地了解法律,但這種看法是基於他們對新聞媒體業已確立的規約和特殊責任的理解。

(五)whatever, who(m)ever, whichever

連線代詞what+ever指不定數目中無論什麼,用於物;who(m)+ever指不定數目中無淪是誰,用於人;which+ever指確定數目中無論哪一個,用於人或物。

例句: now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. (選自XX年part b)

分析: 該句是複合句,主幹部分是you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out..., whatever outline you have made作flesh out(使充實、具體化)的賓語,從句中develop...into意思是“發展成;變成”。前半部分是now that引導的讓步狀語從句。

譯文: 既然你已經將一個主題拓展成了一個初步的論題,那么你就可以整合筆記內容,豐富自己擬定的提綱。

例句: donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the“great game”of espionage—spying as a“profession”. (選自XX年text 1)

分析: 該句是複合句,whatever tools came to...作using的賓語,破折號後的內容是對espionage的解釋說明。

譯文: 多諾萬認為在職業間諜活動這一“偉大事業”中可以利用任何有用的工具。

介詞

介詞是一種表示名詞和句中其他詞之間關係的詞,它不能單獨作句子成分,後接名詞、代詞等作其賓語。

一、介詞搭配

介詞常與名詞、動詞、形容詞等搭配。

(一)與名詞搭配

如:

in deficit (赤字,逆差)

approach to (……的方法)

in the wake of (緊緊跟隨,隨著……而來)

from scratch (從零開始)

例句: china also signed a long term trade agreement with the eec in 1978 while trade with the usa has increased rapidly in the wake of the normalization of diplomatic relations at the beginning of 1979.

分析: 該句是並列句。

譯文: 1978年中國還與歐洲經濟共同體簽署了長期貿易協定;隨著1979年初與美國外交關係正常化的到來,中國與美國的貿易也迅速增長。

(二)與動詞搭配

如:

move along (沿著)

bustle about (匆忙)

buoy up (上升)

rein in (抑制)

pass down (使流傳)

例句: the decline was partly caused by india?s reining in of its budget deficit and the short term effects of the implementation of strong emergency stabilization measures.

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 衰退的部分原因是印度抑制其預算赤字及推行強有力的緊急穩定措施的短期效果。

例句: yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the y chromosome inherited through men in a father?s line or mitochondrial dna, which is passed down only from mothers. (選自XX年text 2)

分析: 該句是複合句,句子主幹是most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either...or...引導的並列短語作a single lineage的同位語,which is passed down only from mothers是一個修飾mitochondrial dna的非限制性定語從句。

譯文: 然而,許多血統檢測僅僅考慮一個單一的血統,要么是遺傳來自父親家庭里的y染色體,要么是僅從母親那裡遺傳下來的線粒體dna。

(三)與形容詞搭配

如:

amenable to (對……負責)

conducive to (對……有益)

awkward for (對……不便,對……不合適)

例句: korea traditionally has made things awkward for foreigners in terms of its financial systems, its real estate laws and so forth.

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 韓國傳統上一直在金融體制、不動產法等方面讓外國人感到極不方便。

二、介詞分類

(一)簡單介詞

介詞由一個單詞構成,常見的有:

aboutaboveacross

afteragainstalong

among(a)roundas

atbeforebehind

belowbeneathbeside(s)

betweenbeyond but

byconsidering(考慮到) concerning(關於)

despite(儘管,任憑) downduring

except for from

in insideinto

including likenear

of offon

opposite outsideover

past regarding(關於)since

through tillthroughout

to toward(s)under

upwithwithin

without

例句: studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response: causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. (選自XX年text 1)

分析: 該句是複合句,主幹部分為studies...have shown that...。分詞causing...作狀語表示伴隨,其邏輯主語是sex hormones。

譯文: 對人和動物的研究已經表明性激素荷爾蒙以某種方式會影響對壓力的反應;結果造 成在同等條件下,婦女處於壓力下會比男人產生更多的誘發性的化學物質。

例句: of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like us weekly and people present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like bullock. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是複合句。that celebrity magazines like us weekly and people present是一個定語從句,修飾image of parenthood,介詞短語like us weekly and people作後置定語,修飾celebrity magazines。

譯文: 當然,《我們周刊》、《人物》等名人雜誌中呈現出來的父母形象非常不切實際,尤其當母親是布洛克這樣的單親媽媽時更是如此。

(二)成語介詞

成語介詞由兩個或兩個以上的單詞構成。

如:

according toahead ofalong with

apart fromas foras to

because ofdue toexcept for

in view ofirrespective of(無論)out of

previous toprior tothanks to

together withup toby means of

by way offor the sake ofin the event of

in front ofinstead ofon the point of

on account ofowing towith a view to(為了)

with regard toas well asin addition to

other thanapart from

例句: he must store a large quantity of grain instead of consuming all his grain immediately. (選自XX年cloze test)

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 他必須儲存大量的糧食,而不是馬上將其全部消耗掉。

例句: corporations and labor unions have conferred great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public. (1999年第37題)

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 公司和工會為公司員工、工會成員和廣大公眾都帶來了極大的利益。

三、介詞短語的用法

介詞在句中不能獨立使用,它後面必須接一個賓語構成介賓短語,又稱介詞詞組,在句中可作定語、表語、狀語和賓語補足語。

(一)定語(後置修飾語)

例句: china?s powerful ministry of foreign economic relations and trade will be monitoring trade signals from the new clinton administration.

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 強大的中國對外經濟關係與貿易部將密切注視柯林頓新政府的貿易動向。

例句: at times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of features and editorials.

分析: 該句是複合句,在than後面省略了more care goes。

譯文: 有時,報紙雜誌的廣告創作比特寫和社論寫作更費心。

(二)表語(用於系動詞be, look, remain後)

例句: many of the actors and actresses are on location now.

譯文: 許多男女演員現在正在拍外景。

例句: in speaking, the choice of words is of the utmost importance.

譯文: 說話時,選詞是最重要的。

(三)狀語(修飾謂語動詞或整個句子,可置於句首、句中、句末)

例句: in the long run, however, this hurry to shed full time staff may be as harmful to industry as it is to the workforce. (XX年第15題)

分析: 該句是複合句。

譯文: 但是從長遠來看,草率地解僱全職員工,既不利於職工,也有害於產業。

例句: the findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result,radically higher standards of living. (選自XX年text 3)

分析: 該句是複合句,句子主幹是the findings of a research institution have shown that...。that workers...of living是have shown的賓語,workers是賓語從句的主語,謂語部分是can be trained,radically higher standards of living和radically higher productivity是achieve的並列賓語。

譯文: 一家研究機構的研究結果一致表明,所有國家的工人都可以在崗位上接受培訓以獲得極高的生產率,從而極大地提高生活水平。

例句: but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. (XX年第47題)

分析: 句子主幹是we have drawn near the point。介詞短語of admitting that...作point的後置定語,that...從句作admit的賓語從句,regardless of...作讓步狀語。其中draw near意為“接近,靠近”;intrinsic right意為天生的(固有的)權利;economic advantage意為“經濟利益,經濟優勢”。

譯文: 但是,我們至少已經承認了這樣一種觀點: 不管鳥類對我們是否有經濟利益,生存都是它們固有的權利。

(四)補足語

例句: a really powerful speaker can work up the feelings of the audience to the fever of excitement.

分析: 該句是簡單句,介詞短語to the fever of excitement作賓語the feelings的補足語。

譯文: 一個真正有感召力的演講者能激起聽眾的激情。

例句: observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of pre school and first grade. (1996年第4題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,本句的主動形式為people made observations of the children...。短語make observations of意為“觀察、記錄某人某事”。

譯文: 觀察報告開頭是關於兒童的問題,結尾是關於學齡前兒童和國小一年級學生的問題。

四、考研常用介詞的基本用法

(一)in

1. 表示較長的一段時間,如年、季節、月、周等。

in XX

in five months

in the second year

2. 表示在……內或較大的地方。

in the city

in the classroom

3. 表示再過若干時間,僅用於將來時態。

in three days (三天后)

4. 表示用……,以……。

speak in chinese (用漢語說)

write in red (用紅墨水寫)

5. 表示衣著特徵。

be in red (穿著紅衣服)

be in one?s sixties (在某人60多歲的時候)

6. 在……方面。

in ethics

in spelling

7. 表示具體的環境、情況等。

to go out in the wind

8. 表方向(朝)。

in all directions

(二)at

1. (表時間、年齡等)在,當。

at day break, at the age of eight

2. (表地點、位置、場合)在,於。

at the railway station

at the opening ceremony

at 89 jitai road

3. (表示速度、價格、比率等)以。

at the full speed

at a lower price

at the rate of 125 miles an hour

4. (表示目標、方向等)對,向。

rush at

aim at

5. 指離某事物的距離。

a bus at fifty meters

6. 表活動情況,狀態。

at war

(三)by

1. 靠近某人(物)。

by the lake

sit by me

2. 不遲於,到……為止。

by next week

3. 按照(某事物),根據。

by one?s watch

4. 沿……,通過。

by the rear door

by the nearest road

5. (用於被動式)被……,受……,因……。

be seen to by the nurse

6. 表運輸或取道的方式。

by air/land/bus

(四)on

1. 在……日期(表示具體的某天或某天的上、下午)。

on monday

on the first of october

2. 在……上(與物體接觸)。

on the desk

3. 論述,關於。

on friendship

a lecture on cet 4

4. 一……就(表示前後緊接的時間關係)。

on hearing the bad news...

5. 通過,以……方式。

on the radio

broadcast on the tv

6. 正在……,處於……狀態。

on strike

on business出差

7. 朝,向。

smile on sb. (對……讚許)

marching on beijing (向北京出發)

(五)above

1. 在……上方,比……高(與below相反)。

a slogan above the blackboard

above the horizon

2. 超過,……以上。

above the average temperature

above two tons

3. ……的能力所不能及。

above one?s responsibility

(六)over

1. 在……上面(表示物體垂直上方,與under相反)。

be hanging over the desk

2. 超過,多於。

over two meters tall

have advantages over...

3. 全面,遍及。

all over the country

4. 在……期間(表示時間流逝)。

over lunch

5. 因為,關於。

a quarrel over money

6. 跨越,越過。

a plane flying over my school

7. 在……對面。

over the river

over the sea

8. 控制,支配著。

to reign over the island

to win the victory over the enemy

(七)under

1. 在……下方(表垂直下方與物體可接觸,也可不接觸,和over相反)。

under the tree

under her arm

2. (數量、金額、年齡等)低於,少於,在……以下,未滿……的。

under 35 years of age

under $60

3. 在……影響下,由……控制(或管理、經營)。

under all weather conditions

under the leadership of communist party

4. 在……中。

under control

under discussion

5. 遭受(重擔、苦難等)。

under tyranny

under an operation

6. 在(責任、義務等)範圍內,受……約束。

under a vow

be placed under restraint

7. 根據、按照(協定、法律或制度)。

under the law

under the trade agreement

(八) for

1. 向,以……為目的地,開往,歸於。

for edinburgh

for you

2. 為了,為求。

for fame

for one?s living

for a walk

3. 為……用,用於,適於。

for boys

for sale

for nothing

4. 贊成,有利於。

for or against the plan

for the health

5. 因為,由於。

be punished for drunken driving

dance for joy

6. 代替,代表。

to act for a person

b stands for “born”

7. 在……期間,持續到。

for weeks

for three miles

8. 作為……代價,與……交換。

to pay $10 for the picture

to give blow for blow挨了打而還手(以牙還牙)

9. 至於,關於。

for my part

be hard up for money

10.鑒於,就比較而言,就……而論;達到……數量。

be cool for a summer day to draw him for$1,000

五、考研常見介詞辨析

(一)as,like

作介詞時as強調同類或完全相似,另有“作為,按照”之意,like強調比較,表示“像……一樣”。

例句: in the early 1900s in north america, german born american anthropologist franz boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. (選自XX年part b)

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中known as historical particularism是分詞作後置定語,相當於 which was known as...。

譯文: 20世紀早期,在北美,德裔美國人類學家弗朗茨·博厄斯闡述了一種新的文化理論,被稱作“歷史特殊論”。

例句: besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like john winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the crown before he journeyed to boston. (選自XX年text 4)

分析: 該句是複合句,句子主幹是there were political leaders like john winthrop,besides the ninety...after 1629作狀語,表示伴隨情況,who came to...1629是修飾ministers的定語從句,an educated gentleman,lawyer,and official of the crown是john winthrop的同位語,before引導一個時間狀語從句。

譯文: 除了在1629年之後的十年中來到麻薩諸塞教堂的90餘位很有學問的牧師之外,還有像約翰·溫斯羅普這樣的政治領袖。在來到波士頓之前,他是一名受過教育的紳士、律師,他還是英國皇室的官員。

例句: a large fish was slowly swimming through the water, its tail swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock.

分析: 該句是簡單句,其中its tail swinging是一獨立主格結構,在句中作狀語,表示伴隨。

譯文: 一條大魚在水中緩緩遊動,尾巴像鐘擺一樣來回晃動。

例句: thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. (XX年第65題)

分析: 該句是複合句,主幹部分為the anthropological concept of “culture” is an abstract concept。定語從句which makes possible...understanding修飾an abstract concept。

譯文: 因此,人類學關於“文化”的概念就像數學中“集合”的概念一樣,是一個使大量的具體研究和認識成為可能的抽象概念。

(二)despite,in spite of

兩者意義相似,可互換使用,表示“儘管”,但despite後不能接of。

例句: despite/in spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or adapted for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic program for the reading skills.

分析: 該句是簡單句。despite/in spite of...在句中作狀語表示讓步;written or adapted...purposes 作material的後置定語。

譯文: 儘管有各種專門為語言學習撰寫或改編的閱讀材料,但在閱讀技巧方面還沒有系統的綜合課程。

例句: despite/in spite of much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood. (1996年第16題)

分析: 該句是複合句,定語從句that are not fully understood修飾elements;介詞短語in the life cycle of the insect在句中作狀語。

譯文: 儘管做了大量研究,但昆蟲的生活周期中仍有某些元素未被人們完全理解。

(三)except,except for

兩者都表示“除外”。如果排除之物與所述之物屬於同類時,兩者可通用,但如果排除之物與所述之物不屬於同類時,則只能用except for。

例句: hudson said he would not kill a living thing except for the motive of hunger. (1997年第37題)

分析: 該句是複合句。

譯文: 哈德遜說除非是餓極了,否則他不會殺生。

例句: he saw little evidence of a strategy, except for willingness to listen to protectionist appeals from the automobile.

分析: 該句是簡單句,介詞短語from the automobile在句中作定語修飾appeals。

譯文: 他認為一項策略只有願意傾聽來自汽車行業的貿易保護主義者的申訴才能有證據支持。

(四)due to, owing to, because of

它們都表示“由於……”之意。due to+名詞構成的介詞短語可作表語、定語或狀語;owing to+名詞構成的介詞短語只作表語或狀語,如果作狀語放在句首時,一般只用owing to引出的介詞短語;because of+名詞構成的介詞短語通常用作狀語,但當主語不是一個名詞而是一個事實時,because of短語也可以用作表語。

例句: during an earthquake, the great part of damage and loss of life has been due to/ owing to collapse of buildings and effect of rockslides, floods, diseases, and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather than from the quakes themselves.

分析: 該句是簡單句。rather than後省略了resulting;而resulting from earthquakes作other phenomena的後置定語。

譯文: 在地震中,大量的損失和人員傷亡都是由於地震引發的房屋倒塌、滑坡、洪水、疾病和其他一些現象造成的,而不是地震本身所造成的。

例句: when the work is done, a climate of accident free operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. (選自1999年cloze test)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum為定語從句修飾a climate,過去分詞lost作time的後置定語。

譯文: 當上述工作圓滿完成時,一個無事故的運作環境便建立起來了。在這裡,因人員傷害而損失的時間被控制到最低水平。

例句: because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium;it is company. (XX年第20題)

分析: 該句是並列句,分號相當於轉折連詞but。

譯文: 因為與人們的生活關係密切,收音機通常不僅僅是一種傳媒工具,還是一個夥伴。

(五)by,till,until

三者都表示時間範圍。by表示到某時,某事或動作已完成,常與完成時態連用;till表示動作或狀態持續到某時,口語中常用,通常不用於句首;until與till是同義詞,語氣莊重,多用於句首表示強調。until與till用作介詞時後接表示時間的名詞,不能接表示地點的名詞。

例句: the social security retirement program is made up of two trust funds, the larger of which could go penniless by next year. (1997年第1題)

分析: 該句是複合句。the larger of which...是一非限制性定語從句,修飾two trust funds。

譯文: 社會退休保障計畫由兩筆信託基金組成,其中較大的一筆到明年可能會分文不剩。

例句: the school authorities did not announce the decision till yesterday afternoon.(或until yesterday afternoon, the school authorities did not announce the decision. )

分析: 該句是簡單句。

譯文: 校方直到昨天下午才公布了該決定。

(六)of,about, on

三者都可譯為“關於”,但在用法上有區別。of 一般只表示“提及”某人、某事,不涉及詳情;about表示“論及”某人、某事,涉及詳情;on表示“論及”詳情,比about所涉及的事情更為詳細,多用於較正式的檔案,尤其在演說或學術論文中。

例句: the logic of scientific development is such that separate groups of men working on the same problem in far scattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time. (1998年第16題)

分析: 該句是複合句。that...at the same time是結果狀語從句;working on the same problem in far scattered laboratories作men的後置定語。

譯文: 科學的發展如此富有邏輯性,以至於人們在極為分散的實驗室里研究同一課題,卻有可能在同一時間得出相同的答案。

例句: on the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. (XX年第47題)

分析: 該句是複合句,主句為it links these concepts to everyday realities。which後的定語從句修飾a manner,as後的狀語從句表示時間。

譯文: 另一方面,這一學科把這些概念結合到日常生活中,這與新聞記者每天報導和評論新聞時的做法是相同的。

例句: just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it?s ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. (選自XX年text 2)

分析: 該句是複合句,其中主句為voices now come from many quarters。現在分詞insisting作主語voices的補足語,後接兩個賓語從句;until後是一時間狀語從句。

譯文: 和吸菸的問題一樣,四面八方傳來的聲音堅持認為有關全球變暖的科學說法不全面,在不確定之前,向大氣中排放廢氣沒什麼大不了的。

(七)in,with,of

在描述人時:in表示衣著;with表示攜帶某物或生理特徵或某種品質;of表示性格特徵或年齡。如:be in green/a man of wisdom(a lady of virtue) /a girl of 18/a child with a big head。

例句: the mayor is a woman with great integrity and therefore deserves our political and financial support. (XX年第35題)

分析: 該句是簡單句,is和deserves是兩個並列謂語動詞;介詞短語with great integrity修飾a woman。

譯文: 這位市長是個非常正直的女性,因而值得我們在政治上和經濟上給予幫助。

注意: with和of表示屬性、特徵時,of後通常接抽象名詞;with後常接具體名詞。

六、小品詞短語

當一個介詞後無賓語時,它的詞性就轉化成副詞,稱為小品詞(particle)。試比較:

we live in the same building.

come in,please!

the soldiers sat around the table.

he looked around, but to his surprise, he saw his father coming to this way.

例句: yet much had happened between. (選自XX年use of english)

分析: 該句是簡單句。between為小品詞,意為“(……時間)之間”。

譯文: 在此(段時間)之間發生了很多事。

例句: as i?ll be away for at least a year, i?d appreciate hearing from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. (XX年第1題)

分析: 該句是複合句。主句中謂語動詞appreciate後接動名詞hearing和telling作其賓語,介詞along後無賓語,所以稱為小品詞。從句how everyone is getting along作tell 的間接賓語。

譯文: 由於我至少有一年的時間不在這裡,如果你能時常來信告訴我每個人的生活情況,我將不勝感激。