1、take a chair, take the chair
take a chair是"拿一把椅子" 坐一會兒"的意思。例如：he has just taken a chair into the room.他剛才拿了一把椅子進了房間。won't you take a chair?你請坐一會兒，好嗎？
take the chair是一個習慣用語，表示"擔任主席，主持會議"的意思當然，在一定場合，它也可以表示"拿（這）把椅子"的意思。例如：we hope you will be so kind as to take the chair.希望你會樂意主持這次會議。who took the chair at the conference?那次會議誰擔任主席？please take the chair out.請把這把椅子搬出去。
2、take...as, take...for
這兩個關聯短語都是指"把...看作，把...當作"的意思，但含義有所不同。
take...as是一般地看待某人或某物，相當於regard...as。例如：they take us as little kids who count for nothing.他們把我們看作是無足輕重的孩子。we mustn't take success and failure as a personal matter.我們不應當把成敗看作是個人的事。
take...for有把某物或者人錯看成或錯當成的含義。例如：at first they took him for a foreigner. several months later, they came to know he is a true chinese.開始他們都把他當成外國人，幾個月後，他們才知道他是一個真正的中國人。do you take me for a fool who believes that tale?你是不是把我看成個傻瓜，以為我竟會相信那種謊言？
3、take note, take note of, take notes (of)
take note是動名型短語動詞，可用作不及物或及物動詞。作前者時，一般獨立使用；作後者時，通常其後接不定式或that從句。其意義和作用相當於take care,即表示"注意，留心"的意思。例如：take note, keep children away from the water's edge.注意，勿讓孩子在水邊逗留。take note not to wake the baby.留神，別把孩子吵醒了。please take note that this city is in the north, not in the south of china.請注意，這座城市是在華北，不是在華南。
take note of是動名介型短語動詞，作及物動詞用，其後須跟名詞，代詞等作賓語，其作用和意義相當於pay attention to。例如：your remarks have been taken careful note of, and i hope we'll soon reply to each of them in detail.你的講話已受到充分注意，我想不久以後逐一詳細答覆。nobody took any note of the old man's death.沒有誰注意到那老人死了。
take notes表示"記筆記"的意思，用作不及物動詞；take notes of意為"把...記下來"，其後須跟所記下的內容，作賓語。例如：he spoke so rapidly that it was difficult to take notes without missing something of what he said.他講得太快，要把他的話毫無遺漏地記錄下來是困難的。do you take notes of the lectures?你聽課記筆記嗎？since there was no textbook for the course, his students had to take detailed notes of everything the professor said.由於這個課程沒有課本，學生們只好詳細記錄教授的講課內容。
4、take the place of, take place
take the place of是"代替"的意思。若所代替的對象是代詞，則通常採用take one's place的形式。例如：electronic computers have taken the place of thousands of working people.電子計算機代替了千萬個人的勞動。last night, our monitor didn't come and i was asked to take his place.昨晚我們班長未到，大家要我代替他。
take place表示"發生，舉行"的意思，是不及物短語動詞，不可用被動語態。它僅用於歷史上的事件，集會等，而不用於地震等自然界的現象。它常可與happen換用。例如：in 1919,the may 4th movement took place in china.1919年，中國爆發了五四運動。battle after battle took place in which the enemy suffered heavy losses.戰鬥一個接一個地進行，在這些戰鬥中敵人蒙受了重大損失.
5、tell...of, tell...about, tell...from
tell...of和tell...about中的動詞tell後須接表示人的名詞或代詞，介詞of和about後接談到的情況或內容，這兩個詞組在一般情況下可以換用。但在表示提起某事時，傾向於tell...of,在表示詳細地講述有關情況時，傾向於用tell...about。例如：she told us of / about the difficulties she had met with in her work.她給我們談了談她在工作中碰到的困難。we must tell them of/ about our decision.我們應當把我們的決定告訴他們。he told us about the present situation.他給我們談了當前的形勢。
tell...from表示對好壞，優劣，真假或兩種事物加以 "區分"的意思。其中tell後的賓語與介詞from後的賓語一般都是一對相反或相近的意義的詞。例如：can you tell her from her twin sister?你能分得出她和她的孿生姐妹嗎？but through practice one can tell the true from the false.但通過實踐我們可以區別真偽。
6、terrified of, terrified at
這兩個詞組中的terrified均為形容詞化的過去分詞，同連繫動詞be連用。 terrified of是"害怕"的意思，相當於afraid of, 其後可接名詞，代詞或動名詞，表示原因。例如：the child was terrified of being left alone in the house.那孩子害怕把他一個人留在家裡。 she was terrified of being killed in an air raid.她很害怕在空襲中被炸死。
terrified at後除可接名詞，代詞或動名詞,表示"因聽到（看到）...而害怕"。常有terrified at the thought of/ at the idea of/ at the prospect of, etc.等搭配,即表示"想到...而驚恐，想像...而驚恐，展望...而驚恐"等意思。例如：she was terrified at the deafening explosion.她被那震耳欲聾的爆炸聲嚇了一跳。the old lady was terrified at the thought of crossing such a busy road.老婦人想到要穿過這樣一條繁忙的馬路便感到害怕。
7、title, topic, subject, theme
theme："主題，論題，題目"，指人們為了進行文學或藝術方面的論述而選取的主體，如詩的思想，主張，樂曲的主鏇律或繪畫的基調，它與subject, topic的區別在於它有時暗示在立意，形式，效果等方面進行了比較，如an overworked theme（老生常談的題目）指立意上與別的作品相比並無新意。this is a one-man show of paintings whose theme was the vulgarity of modern life.這是一個以現代生活的庸俗為主題的個人畫展。the graduates wrote a number of essays whose theme was man's will-power.研究生們寫了以人類的意志力為主題的一系列論文。
title："標題，題目"，指書，繪畫，劇作等創作作品的名稱；還可講作"頭銜，稱呼，權利"。短語：an essay under the topic of 題為...的文章。例如：it was the book's eye-catching title that helped me make up my mind to buy it.正是這醒目的書名才使我下決心買下這本書。this is a picture that requires no title; i think everyone knows what the author really wants to show.這是一幅無需任何標題的圖畫，我相信人人知道作者想展示什麼。
topic："話題，題目，主題，論題"，指人們普遍感興趣或對之持有不同觀點，因而可供討論的題目，也指為了對之進行獨特而有創意的論述而選擇的話題，可指整篇作品的主旨，也可指某個章節，段落乃至單句包含的要點。the topic of your article is very good, but your spelling and style must be improved.你文章的題目很好，但拼寫及風格必須改進。i cannot remember in a very long conversation what topic has been touched upon and what has not.我不記得在拖得很長的談話中什麼話題涉及到了，什麼沒有涉及。
subject："題目，主題"，在這組詞中詞義最廣，最不確切，泛指在某一範圍內的主題，以及取捨並處理某種材料的指導原則，涉及面廣，概括性強，一般包括若干topic。例如：when someone rang at the door, he was doing research on the subject matter which would be under discussion in his next day's philosophy class.有人按門鈴的時候，他還在為第二天哲學課所討論的主題尋找資料。he chose "a reform in teaching methods" as the subject of his lecture.他選擇"教學方法的改革"作為講話的題目。
8、though, although
這兩個詞都有"雖然"之意，均不能與but連用，但可加yet, still等詞以加強語氣。
although："儘管，雖然"，只作連詞，較正式，一般情況下可以用though替代。he passed the exam although he had been prevented by illness from some classes.雖然他曾因病耽誤了學習，但他考試還是及格了。although he was seriously wounded, he still held out on the battle-field.他雖然身負重傷，但堅持不下火線。
though："雖然，儘管，即使"，還可以與even連用，even though即使，縱然。作副詞時，一般不能置於句首，譯作："然而，不過"，相當於nevertheless。i can see that new york must seem dull to her though the family won't admit it.我看得出來紐約對她來說一定很單調乏味，雖然家裡人不願承認這一點。she won't leave the tv set, even though her husband is waiting for his supper.即使丈夫等著吃飯，她也不願離開電視機。
9、thoughtful, considerate
這組詞均有"周到的"之意。
considerate："周到的，體貼的"，指對他人的感情或處境周到，能設法減輕他人的悲傷或分擔他人的苦惱。常用句型：it's considerate of sb. to do;常用詞組：be considerate towards / about sb.對...體貼的。it was very considerate of you not to play the piano while your mother had a bad headache.你在母親頭痛得很厲害時不彈鋼琴，真是考慮得非常周到。he was too courteous and considerate to make stubborn subordinates bend to his will.他對人很客氣，體貼，不迫使固執的屬下服從他的意願。
thoughtful："體貼的，關懷他人的"，指無私地關心他人，為他人的安逸，舒適著想，能推測了解到別人的願望或需用。常用句型:it's thoughtful of sb. to do;常用詞組:be thoughtful about/ for 對...（考慮）周到的。it was very thoughtful of you to make all the necessary arrangements for us.你們考慮得很周到，為我們做好了一切必要的安排。it was very thoughtful of you to warn me of your arrival.你來之前先通知我，真是考慮周到。
10、thanks for, thanks to
這兩個短語中的thanks是名詞，實際上可看作i'd like to express my thanks for/ to...的省略形式。由於它們常用在口語中，尤以簡潔為宜。
thanks for中的介詞for表示原因。其後須接名詞或動名詞，表示"感謝"的緣由。例如：a thousand thanks for your kindness.非常感謝你的善意。well, i must be going now. thanks for your time.我得走了。謝謝你為我花費了時間。
thanks to中的to為介詞。它有兩種意義和用法：一是表示"謝謝"的意義，其介詞to後須接表示人的名稱或代詞，即"謝謝"的對象；二是作短語介詞用，表示原因，其後須接名詞，代詞或動名詞，常譯為"由於，因為"或"多虧"的意思。例如：you helped me a lot. many thanks to you.你給予了我許多幫助，非常感謝你。it was thanks to your stupidity that we lost the game.正是由於你的愚笨害得我們輸了這場比賽。thanks to a good teacher, she passed the exam.多虧有位好老師，她才通過了考試。
11、the reason why, the reason that
這兩個短語中的why和that分別引導的都是同位語從句，它們均表示"...的理由（或原因）"的意思，兩者可以通用。例如：the reason why/that it should be so is now clear.應當如此的理由現在清楚了。the reason why/that idealism and metaphysics are held to be obstacles to truth is that they discourage scientific inquiry into truth.唯心論和形上學之所以被認為是真理的障礙是因為它們阻礙對真理的科學的探討。
值得注意的是the reason why/that後接表語從句時，多數語法學者認為應該用that引導，有的語法學者則認為用because引導也是可以的。以下是摘錄的原文例句：the reason why i am dealing with so many pictures tonight is because i happen to have seen them all just recently.我今晚之所以談這么多的影片是因為我恰好最近都看過。the reason why he's late is that/because there was a breakdown on the railway.他之所以遲到是因為火車出了故障。
12、three weeks ago, three weeks before
這兩個詞組均屬於"一段時間＋副詞"結構。類似的說法還有five years ago, five years before; two days ago, two days before等。 "一段時間＋ago"是以現在為準，表示"自今...前"的意思，它常與一般過去時的動詞連用。若狀語是"since＋一段時間＋ago"結構，或者謂語有情態動詞，動名詞或虛擬語氣等，其句子有時可用完成時態。例如：several million years ago， our country was covered by thick forests.幾百萬年前，我們的大地被茂密的森林覆蓋著。he has been there since two weeks ago.兩周以來，他一直在那兒。he must have seen the film two days ago.他兩天前一定看過這部影片。i remember meeting you somewhere two years ago.我記得兩年前在哪裡見到過你。i had thought that he had died at least twenty years ago.我原以為他二十年前就去世了。
"一段時間＋before"是以過去某時候為準，表示"那時的...前"的意思。常用於過去完成時。例如：mr. li went abroad in 1978. i had met him two years before.李先生1978年出國的，在那兩年前我見過他。when i visited her, she told me that she had graduated from the college three years before.當我去拜訪她時，她告訴我她是三年前從那所大學畢業的。
13、till, until till和until
都可以用作連詞和介詞，用於肯定句和否定句。用於肯定句時，只與持續性動詞連用，表示"到...為止"。用於否定句時，通常與瞬間動詞連用，也可與持續性動詞連用，表示"直到...才"的意思。這兩個詞一般情況下可以相互換用。例如：we waited for him until/till six o'clock.我們等他到一直等到六點鐘。the pupils will not begin the meeting till/until their class supervisor comes.學生們等到班主任一到就開始開會。they didn't talk until/till the interpreter came.直到譯員到，他們才交談。he did not go to bed until/till he had made sure that nothing was wrong with the pipes.他檢查水管，確準它們沒有毛病，才去睡覺。
當until用於句首時，一般不能用till代替。在以not開始的從句或短語裡，till一般也不可代替until，而且這種句式要用倒裝語序。例如：until the last minute of the match we kept playing.直到比賽的最後一分鐘，我們仍然堅持奮戰。not until he had finished his work did he go home.他直到把工作做完，才回家去。
14、tiresome, tiring, tired
這三個形容詞均可用作定語，表語或補語。
tiresome和tiring都表示"令人討厭的，令人疲乏的"的主動含義，其行為主體或所修飾的詞多為事物，有時也可以是人。兩者一般可以換用。例如：the job is tiresome (or: tiring).這工作真累人。that is a tiresome (or: tiring) talk.那是一次令人厭倦的談話。he is a tiresome (or: tiring) fellow.他是個令人討厭的傢伙。
tired的意思是"疲倦的，勞累的"，其主語或者所修飾的詞通常是人。它還有"厭倦"的意思，其後常接介詞短語。例如：he has worked the whole day, so he feels very tired.他工作了一整天，感到非常勞累。the tired man has gone to rest.那個疲憊不堪的人休息去了。such a long lecture would make the audience tired.這么冗長的講話會使聽眾感到疲乏。
15、to date, up to date, up-to-date
to date是介詞短語用作副詞，在句中作狀語，通常用於句首，意為"到目前為止，到現在為止"。up to date也有這一意義和用法，這時，兩者可以通用。例如：to date (or: up to date) twenty students have been accepted into the school.到目前為止已有二十名學生被接受入學。up to date (or: to date) we have no news of him.到現在為止我們還不知道他的訊息。
up to date起形容詞的作用，一般在句中作表語或補語，定語通常用up-to-date。它們均表示"最新的，現代化的，最近的，符合最新發展的"的意思。例如：that car is a beauty and quite up to date.那輛小汽車式樣美觀，新穎。he is always right up to date in his information about this subject.在這個學科上，他一向掌握最新的情報。the yearly supplement keep the dictionary up to date.逐年的增補使這部詞典的內容能隨時跟上形勢的發展。what he has used is a up-to-date method of language teaching.他使用的是一種最新的語言教學法。
16、to one's mind, on one's mind
這兩個短語中的one's根據主語的不同可有單複數變化形式，如my, your, his, our, their等，但其中的mind卻只能用單數形式。
to one's mind是介詞短語，有兩種用法和意義：1.起副詞的作用，在句子中作狀語，表示"照某人的看法，據某人的意見"的意思；2.起形容詞的作用，一般在句中作補語或表語，表示"合某人的心意，為某人所喜歡"的意思。例如：more people agree with him but to my mind he's quite young.大多數人都贊同他，但依我看來，他太年輕了。so now, the house, to his mind, had a most pleasing and comfortable appearance.因此，這座房子，在他看來，有著一種使人愉快和舒適的外觀。he found life in the countryside very much to his mind.他發現鄉村生活很合自己的口味。the event is just to their mind.這事正和他們的心意。
on one's mind亦可解作upon one's mind， 其本義為"在心上"，用作位置狀語，常同動詞have, get連用；亦可用作連繫動詞be的表語。它往往被引申為"惦記，操心，焦慮"的意思。例如：he looks as if he has something on his mind.他仿佛有什麼心事似的。something was obviously on his mind, but he was reluctant to say what it was.他顯然是在擔心什麼事，但他卻不願說。
17、to safety, in safety, for safety, with safety
這幾個由介詞加名詞safety構成的介詞短語，因使用的介詞不同，其含義和用法也就有區別。 to safety相當於to a safe place，表示"到達安全地帶或地方"，常同動態意味很強的動詞，如move, transport等連用。例如：they have moved to safety.他們已經轉移到安全的地方。the valuables have been transported to safety.那些貴重物品已經運到安全地帶。
in safety主要表示某人或某種事物"處於安全的狀態或地位"，常用作連繫動詞be的表語。例如：we are now in safety.我們現在安全了。don't worry, they are in safety.別著急，他們很安全。
for safety是指"為了安全，為了確保全全，為了安全起見"的意思。例如：while the family were away from home they placed all their valuables in the bank, for safety.當全家人外出時，他們為了安全起見，把所有貴重物品都存入銀行。he placed all his money in the safe for safety.為了確保全全，他把所有錢都放進了保險柜。
with safety屬表示-ly副詞意義的介詞短語，意為"安全地，不冒任何風險地"，相當於safely。in safety也有這一含義，這時兩者可以通用，只是with safety更常見。例如：they crossed the road with (or: in) safety.他們安全地穿過了馬路。cut off by the rising waters, the two boys climbed on to a ledge of rock, where they remained with (or: in) safety until they were rescued.兩個孩子被不斷上漲的洪水截斷了歸路，他們爬上岩壁，安全地在上面呆到被營救出來為止。 註：with safety有時還可以表示"無誤地"的意思。例如：i think we can reckon with safety on at least ten people supporting us.我想我們能準確無誤地指望至少有十個人支持我們。
18、together, altogether
這兩個均用作副詞，在句中作狀語。
together主要表示三種意思：1.一起(in company) 2.同時(at the same time) 3.一致地，統一地。其前可加all以加強語氣，即all together。例如： the family together earned one hundred dollars a week.一家人合在一起每星期掙一百美元。let's work together.讓我們大家一起工作。the bells rang out together.鐘聲齊鳴。the arguments does not hang together well.這論點前後不盡一致。
altogether也有三個意思：1.完全地，全部地( entirely, wholly )；2.總而言之，總之 (on the whole)；3.總共。它常同數詞連用，all together也有這個意思，此時兩者可以互換。例如：he felt not altogether satisfied.他並不完全滿意。it was raining, but altogether it was a good trip.儘管下著雨，但總的來說還是一次愉快的旅行。there are five apples on the plate altogether.盤子裡總共有五隻蘋果。
19、too much, much too
too much可分別用作形容詞（後接不可數名詞），代詞或副詞。它主要有三個意思：1.太多的，過分的。2.極好的，激動人心的。3.（估價）太高的。例如：don't give him too much praise.不要給他太多的讚揚。too much is as bad as too little.過猶不及。we cannot admire his courage too much.我們怎樣讚美他的勇氣也不過火。don't think too much of yourself.不要自以為了不起。
much too表示"（實在）太"的意思，常用作副詞，修飾形容詞或副詞。例如：the coat is much too large for me.這件上衣我穿實在太大。he studies english much too hard.他學習英語實在太刻苦了。 注意：下面一句中由於在much too和名詞之間有一個表示數量意義的little，所以這句話也是正確的。例如：i am afraid that you have given much too little care to your work.我很擔心你工作太不細心了。
20、tremble with, tremble at, tremble for
tremble with是"因……而發抖"的意思，其後通常接anger, cold, hunger, fear, excitement等名詞，表示原因。例如：he is trembling with cold.他凍得發抖。his voice trembled with excitement.他興奮得聲音發顫。 tremble at表示"因（聽到，看到）……而害怕（發抖）"的意思，因此常以tremble at the thought of (at the idea of, at the sight of, etc.)的形式出現。例如：she trembled at the idea of having to go through that ordeal again.她一想到再受那種折磨就害怕。he trembled at the sound of bursting bombs.他聽到炸彈爆炸的聲音嚇得發抖。
tremble for表示"為...而擔憂"的意思，接近於be worried about，其後可接安全，生命等名詞外，還可接表示人的名詞。例如：his parents tremble for his safety.他父母為他的安全擔憂。i told him i trembled for the children not being back.我告訴他，孩子們沒回來，我很著急。
21、troubled, troublesome
這是一對由trouble派生的形容詞，但兩詞的含義有所不同。 troubled主要指人的神色，表情或說話聲等"不安的，憂慮的（worried)"的意思。它還指"混亂的，動亂的"形勢，狀態等。例如：his troubled look frightened me.他那種憂慮的神情使我大吃一驚。he looks troubled.他看上去神色不安。the present situation is in troubled waters.當前形勢正處於混亂的狀態之中。
troublesome是"令人煩惱的，令人討厭的（causing trouble or anxiety)"的意思。它還可表示"困難的，麻煩的(difficult)"等含義。例如：the cough is quite troublesome.這咳嗽真討厭。he is a troublesome child.他是一個惱人的孩子。the troublesome problem will soon be solved.這道難題很快就會解決的。 注意：形容詞後綴-some的含義是"有……傾向的"，它加在某些動詞或名詞後面，使該詞變為具有主動意義的形容詞，如：bothersome，tiresome, meddlesome等。
22、tune in, in tune
這是一對同素反序詞語，其意義和用法則完全不同。
tune in是動副型短語動詞，一般起不及物動詞的作用，表示"調諧（收音機或電視機等）"的意思，一般譯作"收聽，收看"。若要言明收聽或收看的內容，則往往在tune in後加介詞to或on，即tune in to (or: on),後接收聽或收看的內容。此外，它還有"使協調，使和諧"的意思，這時一般用其被動形式，即be tuned in。例如：we usually tune in to the news.我們一般收聽新聞節目。let's tune in to (or: on) radio beijing.讓我們收聽北京廣播電台。they are tuning in (to) the public channel.他們在收看公眾頻道。he's not very well tuned in to his surround.他和周圍的環境有些格格不入。the lecturer could see from the expressions on the faces of his audience which students were really tuned in to what he was saying.演講者從聽眾的面部表情上可以看出哪些學生對他所講的內容是真正產生共鳴的。
in tune是介詞短語，其中tune是名詞。它的本義為"音調準確，合調"，常轉義為"一致，協調，和睦，融合"，與介詞with短語連用，即in tune with, 表示"與……一致"的意思。此短語一般同連繫動詞be連用作表語。例如：our grand piano is in tune.我們的大鋼琴聲音很準。the piano and the violin are quite in tune.鋼琴和小提琴很合調。bessie's mind was not quite in tune with the profundities of that learned journal.蓓西的頭腦理解不了這本深奧的學術性雜誌。our policies are in tune with the needs and the aspirations of the people.我們的政策和人民的需要與願望是一致的。
23、turn down, turn off
turn down表示"拒絕"，後接表示人及請求，提議等一類的名詞；它令可表示"減弱"，用於調低，開小收音機，煤氣等場合。
tune off表示"解僱，辭退"，後接表示人的名詞；它令可表示"關掉"，用於關上收音機，煤氣，自來水等場合。試比較：i didn't get the job. the company turned me down because i did not know english.由於我不懂英語，所以這家公司沒有錄用我。the boss thought him a trouble-maker and turned him off.老闆認為他是一個惹麻煩的人而把他辭退了。turn the gas down! the meat is nearly done.把煤氣開小些！肉幾乎已熟了。don't turn the radio off. i'd like to hear the evening news.別把收音機關掉。我想聽晚間新聞。
24、turn in, turn out
這兩個動詞短語的意義完全不同，且毫無關係。
turn in可作"交上，上繳"解，其中的in為副詞。它另可作"拐入"解，此時 in為副詞或介詞。如：don't forget to turn your copy-books in.別忘了交上你們的抄寫本。the soldier should turn in his equipment on leaving the army.士兵在離開軍隊時須交還裝備。the driver had difficulty turning in such a narrow street.司機好不容易把車拐進這樣窄的街道。
turn out的意義是"生產，趕出去，證明是"，其中的out為副詞。如：the factory turned out 2,000 motorbikes a month.工廠每月生產2000輛機車。i'll have you turned out if you make any more trouble here.如果你們再在這裡搗蛋，我就把你們趕出去。the boy turned out successful after all.畢竟那孩子最終變得很有出息。
25、technique, technology
technique為"技術，技巧"，指做某事的具體技術或方法，也可指藝術家和運動員的表演。technology為"技術，工藝"，統指工業技術和生產工藝，不指具體的做某一件技術及方法。以下句子中的technique和technology均不能互換：doctor bernard has got marvelous technique.this musician has perfect technique but little expression.we must develop science and technology.the scientists call the age we live in the age of technology.