2008聯考必背英語辭彙講座 H

1、hair, a hair, hairs

hair指人或動物的“頭髮,毛髮”。hair可指人或動物的全部“頭髮,毛髮”,強調整體。作此解時,它是不可數名詞。充當主語,用單數形式。如: what lovely hair the girl has!那女孩的頭髮真美! my mother's black hair was going gray.我媽媽的黑髮正在變白。

a hair是指“一根頭髮或毛髮”,此時的hair是可數名詞的單數形式。如: i found a long golden hair on the tablecloth.我在桌布上發現一根金髮。 the little boy has got a white hair on his head.這個小男孩的頭上有一根白髮。

hairs指“多根頭髮或毛髮”,它是可數名詞的複數形式,其前可有數詞或表示數量的a few, several, many等詞修飾。如: the cat has left its hairs all over my clothes.那隻貓粘得我衣服上都是貓毛。 my aunt has a few gray hairs.我的嬸嬸已有幾根白髮。 

2、hand on, on hand

hand on是一動副型短語動詞,一般用作及物動詞,表示“傳下去;轉交”等意思。例如:everyone in class should read this, so when you have finished, please hand it on.班上每個人都應把這看一下,所以你看完後,請往下傳。
that family trait is handed on from father to son.那種家風是父子相傳的。
would you hand on this telegram to your friend?你把這份電報轉交給你的朋友好嗎?

on hand是一習語,在句中作表語或狀語,意為“現有在手頭的;準備好了的”和“在近處,在手邊;臨近”等,含有即將來臨的意味。例如:
i am sorry i have no cash on hand.對不起,我手頭沒有現金。
always have your dictionary on hand when you study.學習時要隨時把詞典放在手邊。 soon school will end and vacation will be on hand.學期即將結束,假期就要來臨。 

3、happen, take place

這兩者都表示“發生”。

happen為“發生,(偶然)發生”,較多地用來指某個事件的突然發生,強調其偶然性,主語往往是事件,事故等一類的辭彙。它也可後接動詞不定式,及用於it happens that...結構,表示“碰巧”的意義。如:
the road accident happened under my eyes.我親眼目睹了這場交通事故。
i never know what's going to happen next.我永遠不知道將會發生什麼。
my cousin happened not to be at home.我的表兄碰巧不在家。
how does it happen that you know her?你怎么會碰巧認識她的?

take place為“發生,舉行”,常指有計畫安排的事情的發生與進行,不含偶然的意味。如: when does the popular concert take place? 這場流行音樂會幾時開始?
the talk is planned to take place in the great hall of the people on december 9. 這次會談將定於十二月九日在人民大會堂舉行。
the conversation with the principal of our school took place several hours ago. 這個由我校校長參加的會議是在幾個小時前舉行的。
great changes have taken place in our country since 1980. 自1980年以來,我們的國家發生了翻天覆地的變化。

在不強調偶然性與計畫性的場合,兩者有時可以通用。如:what has happened / taken place?發生了什麼? the may fourth movement happened / took place in 1919.五四運動發生在1919年。 

4、hanged, hung

動詞hang的過去式和過去分詞分別有兩種形式,即hanged, hanged和hung, hung,但由於它們的意義不同,所以易引起混淆。hanged是動詞hang作“絞殺,吊死”講時的過去式或過去分詞。例如:the judge sentenced the criminal to be hanged.法官判處罪犯絞刑。she hanged herself.她上吊死了。

hung是動詞hang作 "懸、掛"的意思時的過去時或過去分詞。例如:the hall is hung with red flags.大廳里掛著紅旗。i hung the picture yesterday.我昨天把畫掛了起來。 

5、happen, happen to

happen是不及物動詞,不能用於被動語態,其過去分詞也不能用作形容詞。它常指某事情,事故,故事等“發生”,主語往往為表示事物的名詞或代詞。此外,happen後亦可接動詞不定式和that從句,表示“恰好,碰巧”的意思。後接動詞不定式時,主語必須是表示人的名詞或代詞;其後若接that從句,常用it作形式主語,that從句作真正主語的結構形式,即it happens that... 。

例如:many changes have happened in our country since liberation.解放以來,我國發生了很多變化。we happened to be only two miles short of the plant.當時我們恰好離廠只有兩英里。it happened that she was there.恰好她在那兒。

happen to是一習語,意為“臨到,發生於”,其中to是介詞,後接表示人或事物的名詞或代詞,主語通常是anything, something, what等。例如:if anything happens to him, let me know.如果他發生意外,就通知我。what happened to the machine?機器出了什麼毛病? 

6、harm, hurt, injure, wound

這一組動詞均表示“傷害,損害”。

harm表示引起對身體,物質或精神上的嚴重損害,常指傷害人的肉體,損壞東西以及損害健康,品 質,事業等。如: hard drinking will harm your stomach.過量飲酒會傷胃。 i don't believe those fairy tales will harm our students. 我認為那些神話故事不會對我們的學生有害處。 there was a fire in the street, but the theatre wasn't harmed at all. 街上起火了,但是那家戲院完好無損。

hurt常指思想感情方面的傷害,含有引起極大苦惱之意。當指肉體上的傷害時,強調疼痛的劇烈程 度。hurt的過去分詞只能作表語,不能作定語,而本組內的其他動詞則無此限制。如:  it hurts me when you talk like that.你那樣同我說話,我很心痛。 my head still hurts.我的頭仍然很疼。 she was hurt to think of her not being invited to the party. 一想到沒被邀請去參加那個聚會,她就感到受到了傷害。

injure著重指人的容貌、內部器官、生理機能的損害,常與harm通用,但更強調傷勢的嚴重。它也可指對人精神的傷害。如: you will injure yourself by smoking too much.過度抽菸對你的身體有害。 the boy injured his shoulder while playing football.在踢足球時,他弄傷了自己的肩部。 she was so injured in her pride that she rushed out into the dark street. 她的驕傲受到了傷害,所以她衝到了漆黑的大街上.

wound專指外力對身體造成的傷害,尤其指戰爭和災害中的受傷,一般指外傷,不指內傷。它也可指感情,榮譽方面的創傷。如: the bullet wounded the soldier in the head.子彈擊傷了這個戰士的頭部。 fifty pla men were wounded in the sea battle.在這場海戰中,五十位人民解放軍受了傷。 what you have said has seriously wounded the feeling of maggie. 你說的話傷透了麥琪的感情。 

7、hard, hardly

這兩個詞詞義相近,不少人常常將hardly誤作hard的副詞。其實hard本身也可用作副詞,並且它們的用法和意義完全不同。

hard既可作形容詞,意為“勤奮的;困難的”等;亦可作副詞,表示“拚命地,努力地”的意思。例如:this is a hard work.這是一項艱苦的工作。he worked hard when he was young.他年輕時,工作努力。

hardly只用作副詞,意思是“幾乎不,簡直不”,它與seldom, scarcely等詞一樣,本身含有否定的意義,故在句中不能另加否定詞。此外,hardly 位於句首時,該句採用倒裝語序。例如:i hardly know what to say.我簡直不知道說什麼好。what he said was hardly true.他說的話不會是真的。hardly can i endure this weather.我簡直受不了這天氣。

8、have a word with, have words with

have a word with表示“和……談談,說幾句話”的意思。這種談話往往是不夠充分詳盡的,或者說是很隨便的。例如:i'll have a word with you this afternoon.今天下午我要和你說幾句。i had a chance to have a word with him when we met accidentally at the drugstore.上次我們在藥店偶然相遇的時候,我有機會和他交談了一下。

have words with用於貶義,表示“和……發生口角,與...爭吵”的意思,相當於quarrel with 。例如:they had words with their neighbours over some trifles.他們因一些瑣事與鄰居發生口角。they've had words with each other, i hear.聽說,他們發生過口角。 

9、have, there be

have表示某人或某事物“擁有,具有,含有某人,某事物或某性質”,強調占有。如: the poor fellow had neither friends nor money.那個窮傢伙既沒有朋友也沒有錢。 this sentence has two different meanings.這句話有兩個不同的意思。 these two short stories have much in common.這兩個小故事有很多相似之處。

there be表示某處“有”某人或某事物,強調存在。此結構中的there本身沒有“在那裡”的意思,需要 表達該意義時,句末須另加there。there be句型為倒裝結構,謂語動詞要和後面的主語保持人稱與數上 的一致。當有幾個並列的主語時,一般應以最靠近謂語動詞的主語為準。此結構中還可以用助動詞及情 態動詞。如:

there are exceptions to every rule.每個規則都有例外。
there was an apple tree and four pear trees in their courtyard. 他們的大庭院裡有一棵蘋果樹和四棵梨樹。
there used to be a chemical works there.那兒以前有個化工廠。
there can't be more than five or six hotels in this town. 在這個鎮上,不可能有超過五六家賓館。
let's get through the work quickly. there seems to be little time left. 我們趕快把工作完成,時間好像所剩無幾。 

10、have sth. done, have sb. do, have sb. doing

have sth. done主要有兩種用法和意義:
1. 表示“使(讓,要,叫)某事被做”,強調主語意志,過去分詞done所表示的動作由他人完成。2. 以主語為重點,意味著對主語不利的事,常有“遭受”的含意。此時,done所表示的動作執行者不明。在使用中,done由其他實義動作執行者代替。例如:
i have my photograph taken.我(讓人)照了個相。
i had my watch repaired yesterday.我昨天(讓人)把我的表修了。
he had his arm broken.他的胳膊折斷了。
he had his house burnt down in the fire.他的房子在大火中燒光了。

have sb. do 和have sb. doing都用來表示“讓(使)某人做某事”的意思,動詞do和doing的動作均由sb.執行。這兩個詞組不同的是前者的do表示一般意義,而後者的doing則強調一直做某個動作。在使用中,do和doing可由其他實義動詞代換。例如:i had him take my photograph.我讓他給我照相。he had joe clean his shoes.他要喬給他擦鞋。try to have her speaking!設法讓她繼續說話。 

11、have to, must 

have to 和must 都可用來表示義務,有時可通用。前者比較強調客觀需要,後者則著重說明主觀看法, 表示個人的意志。試比較:
you shall have to work hard if they want you to get it done this week. 如果他們要你這周完成這項工作的話,你就得努力工作。(表示外界條件的客觀需要。)
i must go there to help the poor. 我必須去幫助那些窮人們。(表示說話人自己的看法。)

在某些不需要強調這兩種差別的場合,兩者可以互相換用。如: i am afraid we have to / must leave now.我們恐怕必須得走了。

must還能表示一種揣測,作“一定,必定是”解,have to則無此意義。如:this must be the book you want. 這一定是你要的書。 he must have spent a long time writing this report. 他一定花了不少時間寫這份報告。