2008聯考必背英語辭彙講座-L字頭

1、lone, lonely, lonesome, alone

這組詞都有“孤獨的,寂寞的”之意。

lone:“孤獨的,寂寞的,無依無靠的”,該詞(在詩歌中)可替代lonely或lonesome。she could see a lone figure on the deserted beach walking to and fro.她看到一個孤寂的人影在荒涼的海灘上走來走去。in that cloudy sky only one lone star could be seen.在那多雲的天空中,只能看見孤零零的一顆星。

lonely:“孤單的,寂寞的“,但更強調指渴望陪伴的孤獨感受。a lonely young sailor felt sorry for himself because his girlfriend no longer loved him.孤獨的青年海員由於女友不再愛他而非常傷心。he spent many lonely days on the deserted island before that attractive girl appeared.在那個有魅力的女孩出現之前,他在那個荒島上度過了許多寂寞的日子。

lonesome : "無伴的,獨居的",通常明確的表達分別或喪偶後的孤寂卑涼,含義較為痛切。the house she had always thought of as overcrowded was lonesome when her children grew up andwent out on their own.先前她認為這屋子過於擁擠,但當其子女出去獨立生活後,顯得孤寂。you must keep up your spirits, mother, and not be lonesome because i'm not at home.你一定要打起精神,媽媽,不要因為我不在家而倍感淒涼。

2、location, position, situation, spot

這一組詞都有“位置,地點”之意。

location:“位置,場所,場地”,指某物所處的固定但也許並不明確的位置,也可指找到的或可加以利用的場地。還可解作“定位,測位選址”,如:industrial location工業選址。the location of the missing plane can hardly be identified without more detailed information.如果沒有更詳盡的信息,失蹤飛機所處的位置就很難確定。the location is exceptionally poor, viewed from a sanitation point, so julia had to devote hertime to finding suitable location for a new school.從衛生角度來看,這個地段非常糟糕,所以朱利亞不得不花時間找一處適於建新學校的地點。

position:“方位,地點,位置”,通常是指某物所處的實際或相對的位置,適用於具體及抽象的事物,想像中或實際存在的東西;因此還可解作“社會地位,職務,見解,立場,姿態”等。can you show me the position of the school on the map?你能指給我那學校在地圖上的位置嗎?before the invention of the timing devices they told the time by the position of the sun.在計時器發明之前,他們根據太陽的位置來判斷時間。

situation:“地點,位置,場合”,它所指的地點更注重考慮周的環境,還指抽象的對某人或社會有影響的條件、事實、事件的總和,因此可以解作“境況、形勢、局勢、處境”等。常用短語:cope/ do with the situation應付當前情況:save the situation挽回局勢。despite the fact that he's only a boy of nine, he could manage to deal with the new situation.儘管他還是個九歲的小男孩,他卻能設法對付新情況。the situation of the camp was chosen with respect to its healthfulness and its nearness to thecity.這個營地位置的選擇考慮到了有益於健康而且離城市近的原則。

spot:“地點,現場”,指範圍清楚的特定地點,也可指事件或行為的發生地,具有較強的“有限空間意義”,如:a historic/ scenic spot古蹟/ 風景名勝。常用詞組:on the spot 當場。she was probably mad with hunger and thirst in that lonely hot spot.在那炎熱孤寂的地方,她很可能因為又餓又渴而幾近發瘋。the police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime.獲悉該項犯罪後幾分鐘,警察即趕到現場。

3、later, latter

later是late的比較級形式,意為“後來的(地)”,通常用在表示時間單位的詞組後,表示“……以後”的意思,此外還通常用在一些習語中。例如:two days later, we proved these facts to be correct. 兩天以後,我們證明了這些事實是正確的。he reached the stations 5 minutes later. 他晚到車站五分鐘。sooner or later 總有一天,遲早later on 今後,以後

latter是一原級形容詞,主要有三種意義:1).表示“後面的,後半的,末了的”之意;2).與定冠詞the連用,表示“後者”,與the former相對;3).“最近的,現今的”。例如:the latter half of the month 後半月,下半月the latter part of the year 一年中後一段時期of the two the latter is far better than the former.兩者中後者比前者好得多。he has been at home in these latter days.在最近的這些日子裡,他一直呆在家裡。

4、lay, lie

這兩個動詞在變形時,往往引起混淆。

lay主要用作及物動詞,基本意思為“放”,還可有一些引申意義。它的過去式和過去分詞是laid,現在分詞是laying。例如:please lay the book on the table.請把書放在桌上。the road is laid with asphalt.這條路是用柏油鋪成的。these hens lay eggs every day.這些母雞天天下蛋。we should lay stress on our pronunciation.我們應該重視我們的發音。

lie是一個不及物動詞,它有兩種意義和用法:1).意為“平躺;平放;位於”時,過去式為lay, 過去分詞為lain; 2).意為:“撒謊”時,過去式和過去分詞是lied。例如:don't lie in bed all morning.不要一早上都躺在床上。he lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.他躺在草地上享受陽光。korea lies to the east of china.朝鮮位於中國東面。you are lying.你在撒謊。he lied to me.他對我撒謊。

5、leave out, leave off

這兩個短語動詞由leave加副詞構成,在句中均作謂語,它們的意義有區別。

leave out主要有下列幾種意義:1).省去,略去;2).遺漏;3).沒有考慮到。例如:we must decide what to leave out and what to leave in. 我們必須決定取捨。please complete this check properly. the date has been left out. 請將這張支票填完整,日期被漏掉了。we left out the possibility of his coming. 我們沒考慮到他會來。

leave off則主要表示下列兩種意義:1).停止,中斷;2).不再穿,不再使用。例如:leave off talking!別講話了!they leave off work at 4:30 p.m. 他們下午四點半下班。it is warm enough for you to leave off your woolen sweater. 天這么熱,可以脫下你的絨線衣了。

6、living, alive, live, lively

這四個形容詞均是live派生出的,但它們的意義和用法均不一樣。

living有三種意義和用法:1).表示“活著的,尤指現存的”,可以指人,也可指物。在句中作表語或定語;作定語時,可前置也可後置。2).表示某人,某物與另一個人或一物“一模一樣,逼真的”之意。3).相當於形容詞lively,表示“強烈的、活潑的”之意。例如:a living language should be learned orally. 一種活的語言應該通過口語來學習。no man living could do better. 當代的人沒有一個能做得比這好的了。shelly was still living when keats died. 濟慈死時,雪萊還活著。he's the living image of his father. 他跟他父親長得一模一樣。we have a living hope that you will succeed. 我們強烈地希望你成功。

alive多用作表語,多用於人,表示“活著的”的意思,還可引申為其他意義;間或也作定語,只能放在被修飾詞的後面。例如:is she still alive?她還活著嗎?they are the happiest children alive.他們是當代最幸福的孩子們。an enemy officer was caught alive.一名敵軍官被活捉了。the lake is alive with fish.湖裡魚多得很。

live作形容詞時讀作/laiv/, 只用於物,作定語,基本意義是“活的”,這時可用living替代。它還有很多引申意義。例如:this is a live fish/ mouse.這是一條活魚(一隻活老鼠)。don't play with live coals!不要玩燃燒著的煤塊。a live wire is dangerous.通上電的電線很危險。it was a live broadcast, not a recording.那是實況廣播,不是錄音廣播。

lively讀作/laivli/,在句中可作表語或定語,主要表示下列三種意義:1).有生氣的,活潑的,快活的;2).(顏色)鮮明的;3).生動的,真實的。例如:she is as lively as a kitten.她快活得像只小貓。the patient seems a little livelier this morning.那病人今晨似乎好些了。he has lively imagination.他有豐富的想像力。what lively colors!多么鮮明的色彩。he gave a lively description of the football game.他對這場足球賽進行了生動的描述。

7、learn, study

learn為“學習,學會”,側重學習的成果,指從不知到知,從不會到會的學習,強調通過學習去獲得知識和技能,它沒有憑勤奮努力而獲得知識的意味。learn亦可指向某人學習,從某處學習及學習一門技能等。如 learn music, learn new words, learn to skate, learn from experience, learn from leifeng。

study為“學習,研究”,強調學習的過程,指深入系統地學習,帶有努力,勤奮的意味。其學習對象往往是科學,藝術和需要深入探討,研究的問題及學科,不是單純地獲得技巧。如:study medicine,study science, study a map, study engineering, study painting。下列句子中的learn 和 study均不能互換:if you study hard, you'll learn the language well. 如果你努力學習的話,你會把這門語言學好。he learned traditional chinese medicine from a famous chinese doctor. 他跟隨一位著名的中國醫生學習中醫。she studied late at night.她晚上學習到很晚。he is studying the problem of x-rays.他正在研究x射線的問題。

在指某學科的“學習”時,或在不需要強調兩者的區別時, learn 和study可以換用。如:how long have you learned/ studied japanese?你學習日語有多久了?we must keep on learning/ studying if we do not want to lag behind the times. 如果我們不想落在時代後面的話,就必須不斷學習。

8、long for, for long

long for是一用作及物意義的動、介型短語動詞,表示“渴望,極想得到”的意思。其後可接名詞,代詞作賓語。例如:the children are longing for the festival.孩子們渴望節日來臨。we long for a chance to visit yanan.我們渴望有機會訪問延安。

for long中的for是介詞,long是名詞,一起作介詞短語用,在句中充當狀語,通常用於否定句、疑問句、條件句或否定意義的句子中。意為“很久,長久”。例如:he will not remain for long.他不會呆得太久。will you be away for long?你要離開很久嗎? 

9、lecture, speech

lecture作“演講,講課”解,指有準備的專題演講,尤指學術性講演及高等學校教師的講課。它常和動詞give, read, hear, attend, receive連用,當它用於give sb. a lecture結構時,指“訓斥某人”。如:they received lecture on technique. (指聽演講)he gave a lecture on the war in english. (指作演講)father gave me a lecture for smoking. (指訓斥)

speech作“說話,演講”解,系普通用語,除指有聲的語言外,又泛指為聽眾而作的講,可以是有準備的正式講話,也可以是無準備的非正式的講話。它常和動詞give, make, hear, prepare, understand等連用。如:i was quite unprepared to make a speech.by your speech i can tell you're from london.he gave a speech about good manners to the whole school.

10、live on, live by

live on有三種意義和用法:1).後接人、錢、工資,表示“依靠這些人或錢物養活”的意思;2).後接各種食物的名稱,表示“以……為主食”的意思; 3).作不及物動詞用,表示“繼續生存下去,永存”之意。例如:jim's father was living on his friends.吉姆的父親靠他的朋友生活。my uncle lives happily on his pension.我伯父靠退休金生活得很幸福。most of the asians live on rice.多數亞洲人以大米為食。sheep live on grass.羊以草為食。the scientist's name will live on from generation to generation. 這位科學家的名字將流芳百世。

live by有兩種意義和用法:1. 後接名詞或動名詞,表示“以某種方式或手段過活”之意;2. 後接地點名詞,表示“住在……附近”之意。例如:they live by honest labor.他們靠正當的勞動生活。smith lives by writing for a small magazine.史密斯靠給一家小雜誌社寫稿來維持生活。we live by the east lake.我們住在東湖旁邊。