閱讀理解的高分鑰匙

  閱讀理解是四六級考試中最重要的部分,可以說它關係到你考試的成敗,所以任何一個明智考生都應該給予高度的重視。但是有一大部分考生在此點上失分率特別高,所以具體的怎樣提高該部分的得分,尤顯得重要。在閱讀時,有些學生有以下不良習慣:

(1)“指讀”,即為了集中注意力,用手指或筆尖指著文章逐詞閱讀。一遇到生詞,便停頓下來,無法在通篇理解的基礎上繼續進行閱讀。

(2)“唇讀”,即有的學生在閱讀中喜歡讀出聲來,或即使不出聲,嘴唇在動,或腦子裡也在想著讀音,無形當中影響了大腦的思維速度。

(3)“回讀”,即在閱讀中遇到生詞或不熟悉的短語時,返回句首甚至段首重讀;還有相當多的學生對閱讀已經產生心理定勢,即認為自己第一遍肯定讀不懂,因此反覆多遍,浪費很多時間。

(4)“譯讀”,即在閱讀過程中,不斷地進行逐詞逐句的翻譯,通過譯成母語來輔助理解。由於沒有掌握正確的閱讀方法,習慣於在不加限定的時間內,對一小塊文章精雕細琢,導致了逐詞閱讀接受信息的習慣。

在閱讀速度方面,要以較快的速度從大量材料中捕捉有關信息,學生必須養成良好的快速閱讀習慣,不是逐詞閱讀,而是按意群(meaningful group)掃視、連貫閱讀;不是拘泥於個別詞句的理解,而力求融會貫通、掌握通篇的中心思想;不是通過翻譯來理解,而是使英語的文字在大腦里直接產生意義。只有這樣,閱讀速度才能加快,理解的準確率才會提高。

在閱讀理解方法方面,應看準確題乾,根據不同的目的,採用不同的方法,一般說來,有快讀、細讀和查讀三種。

(1)快讀(skimming)。快讀的目的是用瀏覽通篇文章的方法了解文章的大意和主題思想,並對文章的結構有個總的概念。快讀時,應特別注意文章的開始段、結束段、文章中每段的段首句和結尾句以及篇章連線手段和行文中的信息詞(signal word)熞蛭它們往往是對文章內容的最精簡概括,是左右文章大意的關鍵。

(2)細讀(reading for full understanding)。找到文章中的有關範圍以後,即在範圍內逐句閱讀,特別對關鍵字、句要仔細琢磨,以便對其有較深刻、較準確的理解和掌握。不僅要理解其字面意思,而且要通過推理、判斷,弄清文章中“字裡行間”潛在的意思。在細讀時,對沒有學過的生詞,可根據上下文或自己的背景知識等來推測其意義;對難以看懂的長句,可藉助語法手段,對其加以分析,以達到透徹理解。

打下堅實的語言功底。當學生普遍了解了閱讀方法與技巧後,就會感到有了長足的進步,但再往後就感到提高不是太大,這主要是因為頭腦中的積累不夠,因此在平時的學習過程中應把握以下兩個方面:

①掌握大綱要求的辭彙量,新四級大綱要求基礎階段的大學生應掌握4200個詞和短語,熟練掌握英語的語法及習慣用法,在平時的學習中注意對所學的語法知識加以歸納總結,達到熟練運用。

②進行有計畫、有目的、大量的閱讀實踐,只有在大量的閱讀中,才能建立語感,掌握正確的閱讀方法,提高閱讀技能。但應注意的是這種閱讀不是盲目的,而是有計畫、有目的的,平時學習時,把精讀和泛讀的內容區分開,定期進行閱讀效果總結。同時,還應有意識地擴大閱讀面,看一些有關英、美等國的社會文化背景的材料和科普讀物,這對於提高理解能力是大有裨益的。

(3)查讀(scanning)。查讀時,是閱讀中的一個重要環節。當然,在閱讀時,還要注意一些細節性問題(supporting details)。

在文後回答此類問題時,應採用查讀法(scanning),因為這些具體內容(detai1s)是用來說明、論證或分析文章中心的。這類題目常以“wh-”形式來提問,如who,what,when,where,why及how等形式。這些問題的表達常不採用文章中的原話提問,而是使用同義詞語等,因此,在選擇答案前應首先看準題乾,看清問題問的是什麼,然後,在查讀時注意尋找與題目相關的關鍵字語;最後,在充分理解原文、原題的基礎上確定正確答案。

當然,這類細節性問題所涉及面很廣。有的涉及數字計算,如問時間、距離、次數、數量等,認真計算後方可選定正確答案;有的涉及正誤判斷,要先看選項,然後再根據選項提供的線索,查找文中相應部分,最後在題中選出肯定答案;還有的詢問事實、原因、結果、目的等。總之,做細節題切忌通過自己對某類知識的主觀了解和認識做出想像判斷,一定要緊扣文章內容,不可隨心所欲,受常識性問題的干擾。

細節類問題的命題方式有以下幾種:

(1)which of the following is not true  according to the information in the passage﹖

(2)which of the following is mentioned in the passage﹖

(3)what is the example of ... as described in the passage﹖

(4)the author mentions all of the following except.

(5)the reason for . is

(6)the author states that ..

(7)according to the passage when (where why煛how煛who煛etc. ) ...

練習:

a moment's drilling by the dentist may make us nervous and upset.many of us cannot stand pain.to avoid the pain of a drilling that may last perhaps a minute or two, we demand the “needle-a shot of novocain(一種局部麻醉藥)-that deadens the nerves around the tooth.

now it's true that the human body has developed its millions of nerves to be highly aware of what goes on both inside and outside of it.this helps us to adjust the world.without our nerves-and our brain,which is a bundle of nerves-we wouldn't know what's happening. but we pay for our sensit-

ivity. we can feel pain when the slightest thing is wrong with any part of our body. the history of torture is based on the human body being open to pain.

but there is a way to handle pain. look at the india fakir(苦行僧)who sits on a bed of nails.fakirs can put a needle right through an arm,and feel no pain.this ability that some humans have developed to handle pain should give us ideas about how the minds can deal with pain.

the big thing in withstanding pain is our attitude toward it. if the dentist says,” this will hurt a little, it helps us to accept the pain. by staying relaxed, and by treating the pain as an interesting sensation(知覺), we can handle the pain without falling apart. after all,although pain is an unpleasant sensation, it is still a sensation, and sensations are part of life.

multiple choice :

1.from the passage,the writer seems to tell us ___.

a.that we needn't pay more attention to pain

b.that pain is good for us

c.how to avoid torture at the dentist's

d.how to handle pain

2.the result of pain is to ____ .

a.help us get more sensations

b.keep us sensitive

c.let us know what's going on

d.help us change the world

3.the sentence “we pay for our sensitivity” in paragraph 2 most probably means ____ .

a.we suffer because of being sensitive

b.we are lucky to have developed our senses

c.our sensitivity costs us a great deal

d.we have to pay the dentist for his making us sensitive to pain

4.in the last paragraph,the word “withstanding could be best replaced by which of the following?

a.fighting c.suffering

b.handling d.accepting

5.according to the passage ,we should ____ o deal with the pain.

a.make ourselves less sensitive

b.make more precautions

c.treat it as an interesting sensation

d.do what the india fakirs do

key:1.d 2.c 3.a 4.b 5.c