非謂語動詞的一般式和完成式

  非謂語動詞的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生或在其後發生,非謂語動詞的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。

1.動詞不定式

例1:a lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同時發生)

例2:all of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非謂語動詞動作發生在後)

例3:he is said to have studied english for three years. (非謂語動詞動作發生在前)

註:動詞不定式的完成式有時用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等過去式的動詞後面,表示未實現的行為。例如:

1)i meant to have sent the book to you by mail. (我本想把這本書郵寄給你的。)

2)he was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的,但是他病了。)

2.動名詞

例1:i am thinking of getting a new dictionary. (非謂語動詞動作發生在後)

例2:we enjoy watching colour tv. (與謂語動詞動作同時)

例3:he forgot having promised to write things for us. (非謂語動詞動作發生在前。)

3.分詞

例1:singing a song, he came into the room. (非謂語動詞動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生)

例2:having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with wang. (非謂語動詞動作發生在前)

非謂語動詞的比較

1.動名詞和動詞不定式在用法上的比較

(1)一般說來動名詞所表示的動作在意義上是比較抽象的、一般的,時間概念不強,不是指某一次的動作;而動詞不定式所表示的動作則往往是具體的一次行為。例如:

1)i like swimming, but i don't like to swim today.

2) they prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.

3) would you prefer to stay at home this evening?

(2)動詞不定式的邏輯主語,常常是句子的主語或句中的某個詞;而動名詞的邏輯主語可能是句子主語或句中某個詞,也可能是泛指一般人物,在句子裡是找不著的。例如:

1)i hate to be sitting idle. (我不想閒坐著。)(指自己)

2)i hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards. (我不喜歡開會不說會後亂說。)(可能指自己,也可能泛指一般人)