grammar of unit 1 different parts of a sentence 概念 句子是由詞按照一定的語法結構組成的.組成句子的各個部分叫做句子的成分.句子的 成分包括:主語,謂語,表語,賓語(直接和間接賓語) ,賓語補足語,定語和狀語.主 語和謂語是句子的主體部分(在英語中,一般句子必須有主語和謂語) ,表語,賓語和賓 語的補足語是謂語裡的組成部分.其他成份如定語和狀語是句子的次要成分. ▲句子成分分類 句子成分分類 1.主語 主語 主語是謂語講述的對象,表示所說的"是什麼"或"是誰".一般由名詞,代詞,不定代詞 或相當於名詞的單詞或短語來充當,也有從句充當的現象.大多數主語都在句首.如: 講述"誰" we work in a big factory. 講述"什麼" the classroom is very big. 數詞作主語 three are enough. 不定式作主語 to operate on the blind is one of the orbis doctor's job. 從句作主語 what we need is food. 我們最需要的是食物. 三個人就夠了 ▲ 在"there be …"句型中,主語的位置在中間.如: there are some bottles of milk in the box. ▲ 在個別句型中,主語在整個句子後面,這時前面用 it 作形式主語.如: it is very interesting to play the game called "treat or trick". it took two workers about three months to build the house. 2.謂語 . 謂語時用來說明主語"做什麼""是什麼"或"怎么樣" , ,謂語必須是動詞,謂語和 主語在"人稱"和"數"兩方面必須一致.如: he is very generous. -1- she looks very smart and cool we have finished the job. he can speak german. 3.表語 . 表語說明主語"是什麼"或"怎么樣" ,由名詞,形容詞,介詞,副詞,不定式及相當 於名詞的詞或短語來充當,它的位置在系動詞後面. 形容詞作表語 you look younger than before. 名詞作表語 my father is a teacher. 副詞作表語 everyone is here. 介詞短語作表語 they are at the theatre. 不定式作表語 my job is to teach them english. 動名詞作表語 her job is training the nurses. 從句作表語 that is why he didn't come to school yesterday. 4.賓語 . ▲賓語是動作,行為的對象,由名詞,代詞,不定式,或相當於名詞的詞或短語或從句來 充當,它和謂語動詞一起說明主語是什麼,通常放在謂語動詞後面.有時,會有雙賓語. 如: 名詞作賓語 he never forgives others for their mistakes. 代詞做賓語 he often helps me. 不定式作賓語 he likes to sleep in the open air. -2- 動名詞作賓語 the americans enjoyed living in china. 從句做賓語 i believe that they can finish the work in time. ▲直接賓語和間接賓語 直接賓語和間接賓語 及物動詞作謂語時,後面要跟賓語,賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語.直接賓語是及物動詞的 對象.但有些動詞除了直接賓語外,還需要有一個間接賓語,間接賓語表語動作是對誰做 的,所以只能用名詞或代詞來充當.如: we brought them some food. 主 謂 間賓 直賓 間接賓語可以放在直接賓語後面,但必須加 to 或 for. 5.賓語的補足語 . 在英語的句子中有些句子裡只有賓語並不能表達完整的意思,還必須在賓語後面加上賓 語的補足語才能表達完整的意思.我們把"賓語+賓語補足語"合起來稱為複合賓語.復 合賓語所表達的意思相當於一個巨資的意思.名詞,動詞,形容詞,副詞,介詞短語,不 定式,現在分詞,過去分詞都可以作賓語補足語.如: 名詞作賓補 if you let me go, i'll make you king. 形容詞作賓補 don't make your hands dirty. 副詞作賓補 we found li ming out when we arrived. 介詞短語作賓補 make yourself at home. 省略 to 的不定式作賓補 i saw a girl go into the building. 帶 to 的不定式作賓補 the boy ordered the dog to lie down. 現在分詞作賓補 the boss kept them working all day. -3- 過去分詞作賓補 yesterday he got his leg broken. 在英語中,常見的"賓語+賓語補足語" 結構有: 在英語中 常見的"賓語+賓語補足語"的結構有: 常見的 ▲"賓語+名詞" .常用於改結構的動詞有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave 等. we call him jack. they made li lei their monitor. ▲"賓語+形容詞" .常見的動詞有 think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want 等.如: do you think his idea wrong? we must keep our classroom clean. we can't leave him alone. can you get everything ready for the party before friday? ▲"賓語+副詞" .副詞作賓補常表示賓語的狀態,與賓語有邏輯上的主表關係.常見的 副詞有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere 等.如: let him in/ out. mr. li drove us home. when got there, we found him out. ▲"賓語+介詞短語" .介詞短語作賓補常表示其邏輯主語(即賓語)所處的狀態,兩者有 主表的關係.如: we found everything in good order. we regard him as our good friend. he opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain. ▲"賓語+不定式" .充當賓補的不定式有三種: a 要求帶 to 的不定式 the cool water of the lake invited us to swim. b 要求不帶 to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch 等 the boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. i often hear him read english in his room. c 單詞 help 後可加 to 或不加 to she sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework. -4- ▲"賓語+現在分詞" .現在分詞作賓補,此時在該句型中的賓語即為現在分詞邏輯上的 主語,有著主謂關係. i saw them playing on the playground. i heard mary singing in the classroom. ▲"賓語+過去分詞" .賓語和賓補之間是被動關係,過去分詞表示被動和完成. i had my bike stolen. the teacher explained again and again to make himself understood. ▲ 形式賓語+形容詞 we found it impossible to get there before saturday. ▲賓語+what 從句 call me what you like. mr. li has made the factory what it is today. the mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago. 6.定語 . ▲ 定語用來修飾名詞或代詞.形容詞,代詞,數詞,名詞,介詞短語,不定式或相當於 形容詞的詞或短語等都可以充當定語.因為它是修飾名詞或代詞的,而名詞和代詞可以作 主語,表語或賓語,所以定語的位置很靈活,凡是有名詞,代詞的地方都可以有定語.如: 形容詞作定語 the black bike is mine. 代詞作定語 what's your name? 名詞作定語 名詞作定語 they made some paper flowers. 介詞短語作定語 the boys in the room are in class three, grade one. 不定式作短語 i have lots to eat and drink. 從句作定語 the tall boy who is standing there is peter. ▲ 在英語中,並不是所有的定語都放在被修飾詞的前面,有的是放在被修飾詞的後面, -5- 故稱"後置定語" . ▲ 修飾不定代詞 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定語必須後置.如: we'll go to have something english. if you don't know the answer, ask someone else. do you have anything important to tell me? ▲介詞短語作定語時要後置.如: do you know the boy behind the tree? the students in the room are all my friends. i think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right. ▲動詞的不定式作定語時要後置 what about something to drink? i have no time to travel to china is in autumn or in spring. to 如果 注 動詞不定式作主語時, 後面的動詞必須是及物動詞或相當於及物動詞的短語. 時短語時,那么與動詞搭配的介詞或副詞是不能少的. do you have any piece of music to listen to? ▲nearby, below, downstairs 等個別方位詞作定語時要後置.如: we are at the top of the hill. can you see the village below? the people downstairs are listening to a talk now? they took the boy to the hospital nearby at once. 7.狀語 . 狀語用來修飾動詞,形容詞或副詞.它表示行為發生的時間,地點,目的,方式,程度 等,一般由副詞,介詞短語,不定式,從句或相當於副詞的詞或短語來充當.狀語一般放 在句末,但有時也可以放在句首,句中.如: he did it carefully they missed me very much. without his help, we couldn't work it out. in order to catch up with my classmates, i must study hard. when i was young, i could swim well.