英語句子成分劃分

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句子成分(members of a sentence)什麼叫句子成分呢?句子的組成成分叫句子成分。在句子中,詞與詞之間有一定的組合關係,按照不同的關係,可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當。現代漢語裡一般的句子成分有六種,即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。英語的基本成分有七種:主語(subject)、謂語(predicate)、表語(predicative)、賓語(object)、定語(attribute)、狀語(adverbial) 和補語(complement)。英語句子的基本結構可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型,是掌握各種英語句子結構的基礎。英語五種基本句型列式如下:一: s v (主+謂)二: s v p (主+系+表)三: s v o (主+謂+賓)四: s v o o (主+謂+間賓+直賓)五: s v o c (主+謂+賓+賓補)基本句型 一:s v (主+謂)主語:可以作主語的成分有名詞(如 boy),主格代詞(如you),動詞不定式,動名詞等。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數形式常和冠詞不分家! 謂語:謂語由動詞構成,是英語時態、語態變化的主角,一般在主語之後。不及物動詞(vi.)沒有賓語,形成主謂結構,如:we come. 此句型的句子有一個共同特點,即句子的謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞,後面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。 s │ v (不及物動詞) 1. the sun │was shining. 太陽在照耀著。2. the moon │rose. 月亮升起了。3. the universe │remains. 宇宙長存。4. we all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. who │cares 管它呢? 6. what he said │does not matter. 他所講的沒有什麼關係。 7. they │talked for half an hour. 他們談了半個小時。 8. the pen │writes smoothly 這支筆書寫流利。基本句型 二: s v p (主+系+表)此句型的句子有一個共同的特點:句子謂語動詞都不能表達一個完整的意思,必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態的表語構成複合謂語,才能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連繫動詞。系動詞分兩類:be, look, keep, seem等屬一類,表示情況;get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類,表示變化。be 本身沒有什麼意義,只起連繫主語和表語的作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動詞多可用作聯繫動詞:look well/面色好,sound nice/聽起來不錯,feel good/感覺好,smell bad/難聞 s │v(是系動詞)│ p 1. this │is │an english-chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。2. the dinner │smells │good. 午餐的氣味很好。3. he │fell │in love. 他墮入了情網。 4. everything │looks │different. 一切看來都不同了。5. he │is growing │tall and strong. 他長得又高又壯6. the trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻煩的是他們缺少錢。7. our well │has gone │dry. 我們井幹枯了。 8. his face │turned │red. 他的臉紅了。there be 結構: there be 表示‘存在有’。這裡的 there沒有實際意義,不可與副詞‘there那裡’混淆。 此結構後跟名詞,表示‘(存在)有某事物’ 試比較:there is a boy there.(那兒有一個男孩。)/前一個 there無實意,後一個 there為副詞‘那裡’。 1基本句型 三: s v o (主+謂+賓)此句型句子的共同特點是:謂語動詞都具有實義,都是主語產生的動作,但不能表達完整的意思,必須跟有一個賓語,即動作的承受者,才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。賓語位於及物動詞之後,一般同主語構成一樣,不同的是構成賓語的代詞必須是‘代詞賓格’,如:me,him,them等 s │v(及物動詞)│ o 1. who │knows │the answer 誰知道答案? 2. she │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感謝。3. he │has refused │to help them. 他拒絕幫他們。4. he │enjoys │reading. 他喜歡看書。5. they │ate │what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。6. he │said │"good morning." 他說:"早上好!"7. i │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. he │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承認犯了錯誤。基本句型 四: s v o o (主+謂+間賓+直賓)有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語,如:give給,pass遞,bring帶,show顯示。這兩個賓語通常一個指人,為間接賓語;一個指物,為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位於直接賓語之前。 一般的順序為:動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如:give me a cup of tea,please.強調間接賓語順序為:動詞 + 直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如:show this house to mr.smith.若直接賓語為人稱代詞:動詞+ 代詞直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如:bring it to me,please. s │v(及物)│ o(多指人) │ o(多指物) 1. she │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她給自己定了一套新衣裳。2. she │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她給丈夫煮了一頓美餐。3. he │brought │you │a dictionary. 他給你帶來了一本字典。4. he │denies │her │nothing. 他對她什麼都不拒絕。5. i │showed │him │my pictures. 我給他看我的照片6. i │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽車。7. i │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告訴他汽車晚點了。8. he │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我開機器。基本句型 五: s v o c (主+謂+賓+賓補)此句型的句子的共同特點是:動詞雖然是及物動詞,但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思,必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語,才能使意思完整。賓語補足語:位於賓語之後對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關係,它們一起構成複合賓語。名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞the war made him a soldier./戰爭使他成為一名戰士.名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞new methods make the job easy./新方法使這項工作變得輕鬆. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語i often find him at work./我經常發現他在工作. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式the teacher ask the students to close the windows./老師讓學生們關上窗戶. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞i saw a cat running across the road./我看見一隻貓跑過了馬路. s │v(及物)│ o(賓語) │ c(賓補) 1. they │appointed │him │manager. 他們任命他當經理。22. they │painted │the door │green. 他們把門漆成綠色3. this │set │them │thinking. 這使得他們要細想一想。4. they │found │the house │deserted. 他們發現那房子無人居住。5. what │makes │him │think so 他怎么會這樣想?6. we │saw │him │out. 我們送他出去7. he │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早點回來。8. i │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看見他們上了那輛公共汽車。但常用的英語句子並不都象基本句型這樣簡短,這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外,通常是在這些成分的前面或後面增加一些修飾語(modifier)而加以擴大。這些修飾語可以是單詞(主要是形容詞、副詞和數詞),也可以是各種類型的短語(主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語)。我們稱之為:定語、狀語一、 定語:定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子,漢語中常用‘……的’表示。定語通常位於被修飾的成分前。若修 飾 some,any,every,no 構 成 的 復 合 不 定 代 詞 時 , ( 如 :something、nothing);或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時,則定語通常置後。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之後。 形容詞作定語:the little boy needs a blue pen.(little 修飾名詞 boy; blue 修飾名詞pen.)/小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。tom is a handsome boy./tom是個英俊的男孩。there is a good boy./有個乖男孩。數詞作定語相當於形容詞:two boys need two pens./兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆。the two boys are students./這兩個男孩是學生。there are two boys in the room./房間裡有兩個男孩。 代詞或名詞所有格作定語:his boy needs tom\'s pen./他的男孩需要 tom的鋼筆。his name is tom./他的名字是湯姆。there are two boys of toms there./那兒有 tom家的兩個男孩。 介詞短語作定語:the boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。the boy in blue is tom./穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。there are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有兩個 9歲的,三個 10歲的男孩。 名詞作定語:the boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支原子筆。it is a ball pen./這是一支原子筆。there is only one ball pen in the pencil box./這鉛筆盒裡只有一支原子筆。 副詞作定語:the boy there needs a pen./那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。the best boy here is tom./這裡最棒的男孩是 tom。 不定式作定語:the boy to write this letter needs a pen./寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。the boy to write this letter is tom./將要寫這封信的男孩是湯姆。there is nothing to do today./今天無事要做。 分詞(短語)作定語:the smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那個微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。the pen bought by her is made in china./她買的筆是中國產的。there are five boys left./有五個留下的男孩。 定語從句:the boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那個在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。the boy you will know is tom./你將認識的男孩叫湯姆。there are five boys who will play the game./參加遊戲的男孩有五個。 3二、狀語:狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句,說明方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。狀語在句子中的位置很靈活,常見情況為:通常在句子基本結構之後,強調時放在句首;修飾形容詞或副詞時,通常位於被修飾的詞之前;表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位於句子兩頭,強調時放在句首,地點狀語一般須在時間狀語之前;一些表示不確定時間(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副詞狀語通常位於 be動詞、助動詞、情態動詞之後,動詞之前。 有時狀語在句中的某個位置會引起歧義,應注意,如:the boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘(此時 in the classroom為 girl的定語),也可以理解為‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’(此時 in the classroom 為地點狀語),最好寫作‘ in the classroom,the boy calls the girl.\' 副詞(短語)作狀語:the boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。(程度狀語)the boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。(賓語較長則狀語前置)the boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支鋼筆。(程度狀語)the boy needs a pen now./now,the boy needs a pen./the boy,now,needs a pen./男孩現在需要一支鋼筆。(時間狀語) 介詞短語作狀語:in the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里,男孩需要一支鋼筆。(地點狀語)before his mother,tom is always a boy./在母親面前,湯姆總是一個男孩子.(條件狀語)on sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里沒有學生.(時間狀語) 分詞(短語)作狀語:he sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那兒要一支筆。(表示伴隨狀態)having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因為不得不完成作業,男孩需要一支筆。(原因狀語)frightened,he sits there soundlessly./(因為)受了驚嚇,他無聲地坐在那兒。(原因狀語) 不定式作狀語:the boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業。(目的狀語)to make his dream come true,tom becomes very interested in business./為實現夢想,湯姆變得對商業很有興趣. 名詞作狀語:come this way!/走這條路!(方向狀語) 狀語從句:時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句 三、同位語:同位語是在名詞或代詞之後並列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分,近乎於後置定語。如:we students should study hard. / (students是 we的同位語,都是指同一批‘學生’)we all are students. / (all是we的同位語,都指同樣的‘我們’) 四、獨立成分:有時句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯繫的成分,稱為句子獨立成分(注意:區別於分詞獨立結構)。感嘆詞:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定詞 yes否定詞 no稱呼語:稱呼人的用語。插入語:一些句中插入的 i think , i believe,等。如: the story,i think,has never come to the end./我相信,這個故事還遠沒結束.情態詞 ,表示說話人的語氣(多作為修飾全句的狀語) :perhaps也4許,maybe大概,acturely實際上,certainly當然,等。 五、分詞獨立結構:分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致! 否則應有自己的邏輯主語,構成分詞獨立結構。例:錯句:studying hard,your score will go up.正確:(1) studying hard,you can make your score go up.或 (2)if you study hard,your score will go up.解析:錯句中分詞 studying沒有自帶邏輯主語,則其邏輯主語就是句子的主語,既 your score . 顯然做 study的應是人,不應是 your score(分數). 正確句(1)更正了句子的主語,使其與分詞邏輯主語一致( 同為 you );正確句(2)則使用條件分句帶出 study的主語,(不過已經不是分詞結構了 ). 分詞獨立結構常省略 being,having been.不過‘there being...’的場合不能省略.如:game (being) over,he went home.he stands there,book (being) in hand. 獨立結構還可用with、without引導,作狀語或定語。這種結構不但可以用分詞,還可以用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞或名詞等。如:with nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./無事可做,他很快就睡著了。the teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老師進來了,戴著一付眼鏡。(注意,此句 on his nose不可省略!) 句子成分練習題( 一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主語的中心詞(4分, 4分鐘) the teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.① there is an old man coming here.② the useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.③ to do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.④(二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞(10分, 10分鐘) i don't like the picture on the wall.①a. don't b. like c. picture d. wall the days get longer and longer when summer comes.②a. get b. longer c. days d. summer do you usually go to school by bus③a. do b. usually c.go d. bus there will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.④a. will be b. meeting c. the library d. afternoon did the twins have porridge for their breakfast⑤a.did b. twins c. have d. breakfast tom didn't do his homework yesterday.⑥a. tom b. didn't c. do d. his homework what i want to tell you is this.⑦a. want b. to tell c. you d. is we had better send for a doctor.⑧a. we b. had c. send d. doctor he is interested in music.⑨a. is b. interested c. in d. music whom did you give my book to⑩a. give b.did c. whom d. book(三) 挑出下列句中的賓語(10分,10分鐘) my brother hasn't done his homework.① people all over the world speak english.② you must pay good attention to your pronunciation.③ how many new words did you learn last class④ some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about⑤ you the old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.⑥ they made him monitor of the class.⑦ go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.⑧ you will find it useful after you leave school.⑨5 they didn't know who "father christmas" really is.⑩ (四) 挑出下列句中的表語(5分, 5分鐘) the old man was feeling very tired.① why is he worried about jim② the leaves have turned yellow.③ soon they all became interested in the subject.④ she was the first to learn about it.⑤ (五) 挑出下列句中的定語(6分,6分鐘) they use mr, mrs with the family name.① what is your given name② on the third lap are class 1 and class 3.③ i am afraid som