2008聯考必背英語辭彙講座 B

1、base與basis

這兩個詞在作名詞時可表示"基礎;基地",但其意義是不同的。base用來指某物體的具體"基礎"或底部的"支柱"。

例如:
we camped at the base of the mountain.我們在山腳下紮營。
our company's base is in new york , but we have extended many branches all around the world.我們公司的總部設在紐約,但是分公司遍及全世界。

而basis則用來表示抽象意義上的"基礎",常用於比喻句。
what's the basis of your opinion?你的意見的根據是什麼?
we are willing to develop economic relations with all countries on the basis of mutual benefits.我們願意在互利互惠的原則下同各國發展經濟關係。

2、be about to

這個短語與"be to do","be going to do"兩個短語都可用來表示"將要做某事,但含義和用法有所不同。be about to 從時間上來講,等於be just going to do,意思是"即將,馬上就要去做"。因此,在由這個短語構成的句子中,一般不可再加上表示時間的狀語(如at once, next)

例如:
i am about to leave for shanghai.我將要去上海。
be to do主要表示安排或計畫要在將來做的事情,它還可以表示命令等語氣,相當於should, must 等。它可以同將來的時間狀語連用。

例如:
the us president bill clinton is to visit japan next week.美國總統比爾?柯林頓將於下周訪日。
the letter is to be handed to him in person.這封信必須面交他本人。

be going to do 一般可以和be to do 換用,它在通常情況下表示計畫,安排或準備去做某事的意向,但並不一定馬上去做。它一般都與時間狀語連用;此外,它還可以用來表示某種推斷或可能性。

例如:what are you going to do for your holiday?假期有什麼打算嗎?
it's going to rain soon, look at those black clouds.看那些烏雲,快要下雨了。

3、beat; hit; strike

這三個詞都有"打;擊;敲"的意思,但仔細分辯,還是有其各自的用法。beat 表示"連續不斷地打擊";尤其指心臟的跳動。hit表示"撞擊"(尤指一次性的)或命中(目標)。而strike除了與hit同義外,還可以理解為劃(火柴);給人深刻印象等。

例如:
the man looked dead but his heart was still beating.這個人看上去已經死了,可心臟還在跳動。
he hit the ball so hard that it went over the wall.他使勁地擊球,結果球越過了牆。
she struck (or: hit) him hard on the head with a vase.她用一隻花瓶使勁地往他頭上一敲。
he went in, struck a match and lit a candle to give light. 他進屋,劃了根火柴並點燃了蠟燭照亮了房間。
the foreigner was deeply stricken by the beauty of the west lake.外賓對西湖之美印象極深。

4、before long; long before

這兩個詞組只是在順序上有所顛倒,其含義卻完全不同。before long = soon ,表示"不久以後"。
例如:i hope you will be back before long.我希望你不久就回來。

而long before = long time ago很久以前,
例如:i saw that american film long before.我很久以前就看過那部美國電影了。

有時long before後面可以跟一個句子,這時候before是連詞,引出一句時間狀語,表示"在…… 前很久"的意思。例如:he had been a party member long before he came to our school.他到我們學校來之前早就是一個黨員了。

5、begin

這個詞看來再普遍不過了,但它用於某些詞組時,其意思就會有所不同,讓我們看一下:

1.begin by 作"先(做某事)"解。
例如: i must begin by telling you about the factory itself. 我先給你們談一談工廠本身。

2.begin with它的意思是以…開始。
例如:knowledge begins with practice.知識從實踐開始。

3.to begin with
1). 首先we can't go. to begin with, it's too cold. besides, we've no money.我們不能去。首先天太冷。此外,我們沒有錢。
2). 開始時to begin with, they had little support but later on people began to trust them.開始時支持他們的人很少,但後來人們開始信任他們了。

6、believe與believe in

believe作及物動詞時,其後可跟名詞,表示相信的意思;後接從句時表示認為。
例如:
i don't believe his story.我不相信他所說的。
i believe he told us the truth.我認為他告訴我們的是真的。

而believe in是一個動介型短語動詞,這時believe是不及物動詞,一起表示信任即trust" 的意思。
例如:she doesn't believe in god.她不信奉上帝。
they believe in astrology and let it rule their lives completely.他們相信占星術並且由它來絕對支配他們的生活。

believe與believe in的後面均可接人的名詞或代詞,但其意義不同。試比較:i believe in him. (= i trust him.) 我信任他。i believe him. (= i believe what he says.)我相信他的話。

7、beside與besides

這兩個詞都是介詞,且只相差一個字母,但意義卻相差甚遠。beside的意思是在……旁邊 和與……比較起來。
例如:may i sit beside you?我可以坐在你的旁邊嗎?
this year's profits don't look very good beside last year's results.與去年相比,今年的利潤看來不太好。

besides的意思是除……之外(還),相當於 "in addition to"。
例如:there were three other people at the meeting besides mr. smith.與會的除了史密斯先生外,還有三人。
註:besides還可作副詞用,解釋為此外,而且。
例如:i don't feel like dancing tonight. besides, i will have an exam tomorrow.我今晚不想跳舞,再說我明天還要測驗呢。

8、blow up與blow out

blow up一詞的含義頗多,可歸納為:
1. 炸毀the soldiers blew up the bridge with dynamite.士兵們用炸藥把橋炸毀了。
2. 發脾氣,責罵 when we arrived a little late, our boss blew us up.我們晚到了一會兒,老闆就罵了我們一頓。
mary was two hours late home from the party and his father really blew her up.瑪麗聚會後回到家裡比她答應的時間晚了兩小時就遭到她父親的一頓罵。
3. 打氣 be sure to blow up the type before you drive off.開車之前,一定要把輪胎打足氣。

而blow out則表示吹滅。
she blew out the candle on her birthday cake.她吹滅了生日蛋糕上的蠟燭。
blow out the lamp, please.請吹滅燈。

9、break into與break in

這兩個詞組長得很像,有人甚至認為它們完全可以互換,其實則不然。 "break into"表示破門而入,闖入。
例如:
a house was broken into between midnight and 5am.在午夜到早上5點這段時間,有人闖入一家房子。
the robbers broke into his home and robbed him of many possessions.強盜們闖進他的家中,搶走了許多財物。

但它還有一個意思,就是突然開始……",即to suddenly start to do sth."。
例如:
the audience broke into cheers as the band came on stage.當這支樂隊一出場,觀眾就報以熱烈的掌聲。

而 "break in"的另外一個意思是打斷(話);插嘴。
例如:don't break in when he is telling the story.他講故事的時候,別打斷他
there's no doubt about it," he broke in."那是毫無疑問的,他插嘴說。
excuse me for breaking in on your conversation.請原諒我打斷了你們的談話。

10、burn out與burn up

這兩個詞組都是動副型動詞,在表示燒光,燒盡時,可通用。
例如:the big fire burned out (up) two tall buildings.這場大火把兩座高樓燒掉了。

burn out主要指燈泡,設備等燒壞;它還可以表示放火將……趕出。
例如:
any electric light bulb will eventually burn out.任何燈炮最後總會燒壞。
i turn on a switch but the light had burnt out.我打開電源,但電燈已經燒壞了。
hundreds of families have been burnt out of their homes.有人放火使數百人無家可歸。

11、but do與but to do

這兩個詞組都可表示除了做……之外的意思,相當於except do與except to do。它們屬於 "but不定式結構,即but是介詞,後接帶to的不定式和不帶to的不定式。比如在but前面的句子中出現了實義動詞do, but後一般接不帶to的不定式。反之則用but to do的形式。

例如:
he could do nothing but wait.他除了等,別無它法。
he had no choice but to kill himself.他除了自殺外,別無其它選擇。

12、by heart與at heart

這兩個詞組在句中均作狀語,在意義上卻有所不同。by heart 指靠記憶(by memory),常與動詞get, learn, know等連用。
例如:
the students have learned many new words by heart.學生們已背熟很多新單詞了。
he has made the speech so many times that he knows every word of it by heart.這篇演講他講過好多次了,因此,他能把裡面的每句話記得清清楚楚。

at heart有兩種意義:一是在本質上;二是在內心深處;關心的。
例如:his manners are rough, but he is a kind man at heart.他態度粗魯,但在本質上是個善良的人。when i say "don't eat sweets", i have your health at heart.當我說你不要吃甜食時,我是在關心你的健康。
he has the welfare of the poor people at heart.他把貧苦人民的福利放在心裡。

13、by turns與in turn

by turns表示輪流地,交替地的意思,相當於alternately, 多用來強調某一時期反覆發生的動作,
例如:
we clean the classroom by turns.我們輪流打掃教室。
she went hot and cold by turns.她一陣發熱一陣發冷。
in turn有兩種意義:一是依次地;輪流地,含有one after another和in proper order的意義;二是轉而,反過來。

例如:
they spoke at the meeting in turn.他們依次在會上發了言。
theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.理論以實踐為基礎,反過來又為實踐服務。

14、by chance與by any chance

by chance表示偶然地,意外地,碰巧的意思,相當於by accident,在句中作狀語。
例如:
i had no idea he was there. i met him by chance.我不知道他會在那兒,我是偶然碰見他的。
the news came to my ears by chance.我是偶然聽到這個訊息的。

by any chance表示萬一;也許的意思時,在句子中作插入語,它一般用於否定句或疑問句中。
例如:
if, by any chance, he failed to come, we'll ask john to work the machine.萬一他不來,我們就叫約翰開機器。
have you by any chance a map of shanghai?你也許有上海的地圖吧?

15、but for與but that

but for表示要不是的意思,相當於if it were not for, if it had not been for。它常用於虛擬語氣。for 是介詞,其後只能接名詞(詞組)。
例如:but for your help and guidance, i should fail.要不是你的幫助與指導,我早就失敗了。

but that 表示除……以外,除非等意思,相當於except that; 也可以表示要不是的意思。but that後接從句。例如:
we ask nothing from you but that you should give a clear statement of the facts.我們什麼也不要你的,就是要你把實情清楚地交代出來。
he would have helped us but that he was short of money at that time.要不是他當時沒有錢,他就幫助我們了。
it will go hard but that we shall bring more land under cultivation.除非我們擴大耕地面積,否則事情就不好辦。